The Arab Republic Of Egypt - 1044 Words

In the late 1950’s when Gamel Abdel Nasser was president of Egypt, my grandparents lived in Alexandria. Being that my great grandparents were from Jerusalem, my grandparents were extremely proud to be born and raised as a Jew in Egypt. Around the age of 18 years old, my grandparents and their families were kicked out of Egypt because of their religion. Nasser insisted that all Jews flee Egypt immediately or they would be thrown in jail. Since my family had no other choice but to leave their home country, they decided to come to New York to try and start a new life. Although it was extremely difficult for them to start over in a foreign country without any property or money, they moved to the U.S. with hopes to become successful. Egypt,†¦show more content†¦Egyptian Music has always been an important part of the Egyptian culture since ancient times. The ancient Egyptians credited the gods Amun,Hathor, Isis, and Osiris for the original creation of music. The earliest evidence of this music in Egypt was dated back to the predynastic period where remains of old instruments were found. This ancient music from Egypt was always linked to religious rituals or entertainment. It was seen as a skillful, rich and diverse type of entertainment, which was greatly influenced, by religion, politics, trade, conquest and invasion. One aspect of ancient Egyptian music that has survived throughout the years consists of the lyrics, or words, of a number of the songs which were sung by the vocalists who accompanied the musicians. Many of these songs were hymns which was a religious song meant to honor the god. These hymns really display how dedicated the Egyptians are to their religion. The New Kingdom Pharaoh Akhenat on composed one of the most famous examples of a hymn. As most men in ancient Egyptian society had administrative positions, women were known for taking care of their children and being a house keeper. In addition to being a caretaker, women were able to gain prestige and status through music. These upper-class women were greatly influenced by the earliest known composer Enheduanna. Although Arab music is extremely prominent in Egypt, especially Cairo, there are many other genres of music

Christopher Graus Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the...

In â€Å"Bad Dreams, Evil Demons, and the Experience Machine: Philosophy and the Matrix†, Christopher Grau explains Rene Descartes argument in Meditation. What one may interpret as reality may not be more than a figment of one’s imagination. One argument that Grau points out in Descartes essay is how one knows that what one think is an everyday experience awake is not all a part of a hallucination. He uses the example of dreams to draw a conclusion about is claim based on experiences one would experience with dreaming. He asserts that there are times when one wake up from a dream that seems to be â€Å"vivid and realistic† however soon finds that it was not. The experience of reality in the dream was all a part of the mind. If dreams seem to be†¦show more content†¦He gives another scenario of when he lies in the bed he can dream that his he is sitting by the fire with is nightgown when in fact there is no such event he is undressed in the bed. This rein forces that idea one cannot trust what one is experiencing to actually be real. What proof can one bring that one awake other than oneself â€Å"just knowing†. This is the point Descartes wan to call to attention. Although Descartes argument seems plausible decades ago, now there are ways to weaken is argument. In the science of psychology which focuses on the brain one can find that there are ways of knowing one is dreaming or sleep. Descartes even contradicts himself when he asserts â€Å"that even if all of our sensory experience is but a dream, we can still conclude that we have some knowledge of the nature of reality†. I believe that Descartes knows that he is not dreaming in a constant state of dream but that there is a sense of reality that one experiences. What one experiences are senses such as smell and touch that one cannot perform in a dream world. Being able to touch and have the sensation of touching an item such as a table in a dream does not happen. The sensation of pain is also an indicator of a reality that does not exist in the reaffirms that one is not in reality. There is physical evidence that proves that people have control over their dreams; it’s called lucid dreaming. Having aShow MoreRelatedSkepticism On The Search For The Truth Of Our Knowledge1936 Words   |  8 Pagesunsuccessfully to figure out the thought process and how we gain knowledge. Philosophers gave deep thought to determine how we arrive at such true beliefs and knowledge of the external world. Three such philosophers were Rene Descartes, David Hume and Christopher Grau. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher in the early 1600’s; David Hume was a Scottish Philosopher in the 1700’s, and Grau an American philosopher Professor born in 1970. The timeline s important because philosophical views have evolved over

Increasing the Occupancy Rate

Question: What can building owners do to increase occupancy rates? Answer: The economic downturn in the current commercial real estate has led the building owners to cut down rents and offer incentives to attract tenants. It has become difficult to keep the vacancy rates low considering the decline in the economic situation. Most of buildings that are leased out on a long term basis do not pose a threat during the economic recession. The problem crept up when these leases expired and the vacancy rate started increasing. To keep this vacancy rate, the landlords are forced to tempt the tenants to occupy the vacancy. But this tempting and luring of the real estate managers have led to increased operation cost which in turn reduces the companys revenue and profit. So in this respect what is most important is to develop an effective marketing strategy to pull up the real estate from the economic distress. In this regard what is important is that the tenants must be lured to occupy the vacant spaces. The real estate company must offer financial incentive scheme to enable the tenants to find the suitable accommodation that matches their needs. By this scheme, the tenants are encouraged and assisted to occupy space with all benefits including incentives and financial support when moving home by this scheme. (Cornwall.gov.uk, 2015) The increase in the occupancy can be increased by organizing social media marketing. This type of marketing targets a larger audience and thereby increases the awareness of the real estate company. The social media marketing can be done through several social media websites like the facebook, twitter and LinkedIn etc. For example, Facebook has a popular real estate app that gives the customer the ability to network with numerous real estate agents on facebook. Twitter can be used to boost the fan base by increasing the follower and thus engage the followers to analyze the respective real estate company. For example, successful twitter marketing had been done by Rick Buncick who is a realtor. (Patterson and Patterson, 2014) The main aspect of the economic slowdown regarding the real estate market is the unavailability of credit. So here the banks must relax their requirement of home loans thereby increasing the occupancy rate and attracting more home buyers. For example recently there was a reduction in mortgage insurance premiums for FHA loans which gave the residents more buying power and this helped to boost the housing market. Another important aspect is the role of connectivity in the real estate that needs to be catered in order to increase occupancy rate. People have become sophisticated and their demand for houses depends on the high speed communications within the complex. Technology plays an important role when it comes to commercial housing market. Today spec digital buildings are constructed to attract more tenants. (Lewis, 2015) Other activities that the building owner can do to increase occupancy rate is by offering television subscription to the residents and by compensating those residents who refer new tenants. By these ways occupancy rates can be augmented. The year ahead is predicted to bring about an optimistic condition regarding the housing market by improving house prices, home sales, rates of interests and the recent relaxation of lending standards. Moodys Analytics reveal that there can be an expected increase in the new and existing house sales by 20 per cent in 2015. (market, 2015) References Cornwall.gov.uk, (2015).Tenant Incentive Scheme - Cornwall Council. [online] Available at: https://www.cornwall.gov.uk/housing/council-housing/your-tenancy/tenant-incentive-scheme/ [Accessed 4 Mar. 2015]. Lewis, S. (2015).Connectivity: The Key to Luring Tenants in the Real Estate Market of Tomorrow. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: https://www.sior.com/docs/default-source/digital-advertising/Connectivity_The%20Key%20to%20Luring%20Tenants%20in%20the%20Real%20Estate%20Market%20of%20Tomorrow%20by%20Stephen%20E%20Lewis.pdf?sfvrsn=0 [Accessed 4 Mar. 2015]. market, 5. (2015).5 economists forecast the 2015 housing market | Inman. [online] Inman.com. Available at: https://www.inman.com/2015/01/22/5-economists-forecast-the-2015-housing-market/ [Accessed 4 Mar. 2015]. Patterson, M. and Patterson, M. (2014).Real Estate Marketing Ideas for Social Media | Sprout Social. [online] Sprout Social. Available at: https://sproutsocial.com/insights/real-estate-marketing-ideas-social-media/ [Accessed 4 Mar. 2015].

Prayer In Schools Essays - Prayer, Spirituality, Human Communication

Prayer In Schools Prayer in Public Schools: Should It Be Constitutional The courts have ruled against prayer in school. Many agree with decision; yet many disagree including myself. Prayer should be allowed in public school because it is already practiced, it prevents immoral acts, and it enhances the learning environment. The issue of prayer in school has been debated in the U.S. since the North West Treaty (1787and 1789) which states: ? Religion, morality, and the knowledge being necessary for good government and the happiness of man kind, schools and the means of learning shall forever be engorged.? Thus, religion, which includes prayer, was deemed to be necessary. Many people believe that prayer is not allowed in the public schools. In fact prayer is allowed in the school system on buses, at the flagpole, in student religious groups, and in the cafeteria. However, prayer is not permitted in the classroom itself when class is in session. Prayer in class would violate the principles of church- state separation, which is defined by court interpretations of the First Amendment. This requires that public school teachers, principals, and boards to be religiously neutral. The reason for this is to prevent any arguments among students and teachers about their specific religion. Public schools had prayer for nearly two hundred years before the supreme court ruled that state- mandated class prayers were unconstitutional (Engle, 1962) The fact that prayer was practiced for nearly two-hundred years established it by precedent as a beneficial practice in our schools. Since the court outlawed prayer, the nation has been in steady moral decline. Former secretary of education William Bennett revealed in his cultured indexes that between 1960 and1990 there was a steady moral decline. During this period divorce doubled, teenage pregnancy went up 200%, teen suicide increased 300%, child abuse reached an all time high, violent crime went up 500% and abortion increased 1000% . Morals must be taught and they can not be taught properly without religion, because most of the strong moral beliefs stem from religion such as the Ten Commandments. There is a strong correlation between the expulsion of prayer from our schools and the decline in morality. The third argument is prayer enhances the learning environment at public schools. Prayer enhances the learning environment because when there is a test coming up or a paper due, you think to yourself, ? How am I going to do all of this, and do well I know from personal experiences, that having a number of assignments due at the same time can be frustrating. When this happens, I always turn to God, and he guides and gives me strength and understanding. The outcome from doing praying is always good and the things that I asked for in my prayer are always bestowed upon me. Prayer may not enhance everyone's learning environment but I know before I start my day, I ask God to let me have a good day and let everything that I do, be a true learning experience for me. The experience may not always be good, but if it happens, it happens for a reason. Finally, I will end with a quote from ? An Outrageous Idea: Natural Prayer? written by Patty Jo Cornish. ? We have forgotten that we are all in this together and we keep separating ourselves by ourselves by colors, by football teams, by clothes, by money, by creed, by greed, by boundaries, by age, and so on and on. We need something to pull us all together, natural prayer could be that miracle. It includes everyone even the non-believers.?

ants essays

ants essays Pests are living organisms that can threaten human existence. They can bring disease, famine, death and destruction to the human world. The United States loses up to forty percent of their production each year to pest, twenty percent of which is lost after harvest once stored. To control this mass destruction pesticides are created to kill pests and prevent their reproduction. The main groups of pesticides are named for the type of pest they are aimed at killing; insecticides are for insects, fungicides for fungi, and herbicides for weeds. The production of pesticides is a 300-million dollar business in the United States. The sad thing to say is that with all the production every meal you eat contains some evidence of pesticide residue. Most pesticides are poison and often contain ingredients the same as those found in nerve gas. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, DDT, is an insecticide used to reduce the spread of malaria by killing mosquitoes. Paul Muller developed it in 1945. In 1948 he received the Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine. The chief of preventive medicine for the United States Army pronounced DDT as the Wars (World War 2) greatest contribution to the future health of the world, (Russell). In its fifty-five years of use it has been estimated to save over seven million lives through out the world. Pesticides are often times made to withstand rain so that they are not easily washed away; therefore they exist in the environment for long periods of time. Due to the long-term exposure DDT accumulates in insects, which make up the diet of other animals and then works its way through out the food chain. For example, the bald eagle became an endangered species, plunging toward extinction, largely because DDT thinned their eggshells to the point that the birds were unable to reproduce. Eagles picked up DDT when they ate fish, which were contaminated when the insecticide washed into water. A...

5 Rules for Run-In Lists

5 Rules for Run-In Lists 5 Rules for Run-In Lists 5 Rules for Run-In Lists By Mark Nichol When brief lists appear within a sentence technically, these are called in-line lists they’re often complicated by excessive punctuation. Here are some errors in construction of in-line lists, and their corrections, to illustrate a few simple rules: 1. â€Å"Sugarcane has been able to flourish in the Everglades thanks to the flood-control project; tariff and import policies such as the Cuban sugar embargo; and subsidies and price controls that keep sugar expensive for Americans.† Even if the items in a list consist of phrases rather than simply a word or two, commas, rather than semicolons, are sufficient to separate them: â€Å"Sugarcane has been able to flourish in the Everglades thanks to the flood-control project, tariff and import policies such as the Cuban sugar embargo, and subsidies and price controls that keep sugar expensive for Americans.† Use semicolons only if one or more list item itself includes internal commas; even then, the grammatical structure may make divisions clear. 2. â€Å"This profile is not unlike that of the alcoholic, who has mood swings, blackouts, impulsive and self-destructive behaviors.† If the last item in a list is a pair of subitems separated by and, an and is still required following the penultimate item: â€Å"This profile is not unlike the alcoholic, who has mood swings, blackouts, and impulsive and self-destructive behaviors.† 3. â€Å"Most of these complaints were not about police brutality, but pertained to issues such as: slow response time, alleged name calling, and age discrimination.† Just as in bullet and number lists, no punctuation is generally needed preceding the first list item: â€Å"Most of these complaints were not about police brutality, but pertained to issues such as slow response time, alleged name calling, and age discrimination.† Exception: Set the list off from the lead-in phrase with a colon if the latter is an independent clause, as in â€Å"Most of these complaints were not about police brutality, but pertained to issues such as the following: slow response time, alleged name calling, and age discrimination.† Such constructions are rarely necessary, however. 4. â€Å"The study of the interplay of alcohol and violence covers a broad spectrum of activities ranging from intimate partner violence, brawls at bars, child abuse, and violence at sporting events.† Items in a list should be grouped logically: â€Å"The study of the interplay of alcohol and violence covers a broad spectrum of activities ranging from intimate partner violence and child abuse to brawls at bars and violence at sporting events.† In this case, the list was relaxed, obviating the need for internal commas. Also, notice that to was added to bookend the â€Å"ranging from . . . to† completion. When listing proper names or other nouns that have no other obvious organizational scheme, list them alphabetically; chronological order is appropriate when that rationale is obvious. 5. â€Å"Each plan would 1) restore the ecosystem, 2) clean up water pollution, 3) ensure water supply for cities and farms, and 4) improve levees to keep us all safe from floods.† Numbers or letters employed to signal distinct items in a list are superfluous unless the items are complex, in which case perhaps the list should be set off and formatted vertically: â€Å"Each plan would restore the ecosystem, clean up water pollution, ensure a water supply for cities and farms, and improve levees to keep us all safe from floods.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Grammar Test 1Comma Before But12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Does the internet strengthen Social connections Essay

Does the internet strengthen Social connections - Essay Example Many people argue on the notion that social connectivity that internet promotes is less effective than face to face interaction and that social networking sites as opposed to popular beliefs have evaded the sincere interaction amongst people rather than promote it. However, what these arguments lack is the recognition of the fact that internet has undoubtedly served to bring together people from wide range of ethnicities and nationalities (Bruhn, pp. 220). Never in the history was it this easy for a Canadian teacher to teach electromagnetism to kids in Ghana or for a British industrialist to market its products to cottage industries of Tajikistan. Internet has truly contributed its share in the formation of global village, which pretty much defines the world of today. In this regard, this paper will include efforts to analyze the role of internet in strengthening social connections in the human society. In particular, the paper will include different examples to discuss the abovement ioned statement. In addition, it should come into notice that one of the added benefits that social connectivity through internet brings is the diffusion of information across a wide population. Not only does internet binds people together, it promotes education and forms a sort of a virtual knowledge-society in itself, of course in ideal situations only. â€Å"William Galston, in his article in 1999, talks about the online groups present on internet as communities according to four different criteria: Limited membership, shared norms, affective ties, and mutual obligation† (Feenberg, pp. 259). These online communities or social networking sites, as they are popularly known, serve multiple human desires. Where on one hand, it boost connectivity amongst its users on the other, it supplies them with unlimited choices in their interaction. Reiterating the earlier mention of the research on American society, it provides its users with autonomy to decide whom to interact with and in what ways to interact with. Using few examples will be helpful in elaborating this point further. Facebook is the largest social networking site of the world. A study shows that American internet users spend 10 percent of the total time online on Facebook. The same study reveals the 600 million plus membership of Facebook. Many people think that Facebook is like a new worldwide telephone network; only difference being it carries personal connections and profiles instead of voice (Feenberg, pp. 222-240). Another technology, Skype is one of the most useful products of internet. Not only fir industrial purpose but it also brings families scattered around the globe and people in long-distance relationships together. With technologies like Skype, parents worry less before sending their kids to study abroad knowing they can see them and talk to them whenever they want (Stadler, pp. 29-42). Besides family, Skype has enabled businesspersons from across the world to form collaborations wi th companies and expand their networks. This has of course decreased the number of errors caused by miscommunication and lack of medium of correspondence in the past. A very attractive aspect of this product is its economical rates as compared to mobile phones or telephone. Not only is the download of the software free of cost but also its use is free in case of Skype-to-Skype calls and as far as Skype-to-phone calls are concerned, rates are quite affordable that encourage individuals to strengthen their social connections, whereas, higher

Renewable Energy Generation in Scotland Assignment

Renewable Energy Generation in Scotland - Assignment Example This research will begin with the statement that the amount of renewable energy generated in Scotland is increasing day by day, with onshore-wind energy being the single largest contributor. The present trends in renewable energy generation indicate that it would technically be feasible to achieve the Scottish Executive’s target of 40% energy generation from a range of renewable resources by 2020. While renewable energy generation will undoubtedly help meet Scotland’s commitment to addressing climate change, it also places a lot of constraints on the existing grid and power distribution system due to the intermittent generation of electricity from wind-mills, which calls for adequate interconnectivity build-up of the Scottish grid with its neighboring grid systems besides necessitating the introduction and implementation of energy storage and demand side management technologies. In addition to onshore-wind, other renewable technologies such as offshore-wind, wave and ti dal energy also hold out promises of energy generation though to lesser degrees. This paper attempts to address some of the basic issues in renewable energy generation as applicable to the Scottish context. The influence of renewable energy generation on demand management, the effect of rise or fall in renewable energy generation on the Scottish grid, the accessory storage facilities and technologies required for renewable energy industry and their possible sites are also discussed. According to FREDSThe government of UK has set a target to cut CO2 emissions by 60% by 2050 to achieve which 30-40% of electricity would have to be generated from renewable energy resources. This requires that Scotland generate 40% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. The Friends of the Earth Scotland point out that demand scenarios can be either of demand growth or of demand reduction. In the Demand Growth scenario, demand is expected to grow again in 2011 as the present recession is about to be over and the projected demand will attain a steady growth of 12.2% corresponding to 45,900GWh annually by 2030. In the Demand Reduction scenario, the demand will start diminishing from 2012 resulting in an annual electricity consumption of only up to 35,180GWh by 2030.The projected values for demand growth and demand reduction in a Low Renewable scenario and High renewable scenario are shown at Table-1 while renewable energy generation as a percentage of total consumption is shown at Table-2.

Power In Physics Essay Example for Free

Power In Physics Essay Power is an important quantity used to describe the rate of doing work or the rate of the transformation of one form of energy into another. In other words, it is the ratio of the work done and the time required to do that work; thus, it is the rate at which a machine accomplishes a given amount of work. Two common units of power are horsepower (550 foot-pound per second), for mechanical devices; and the watt (.737 foot-pounds per second), for electrical devices. Since there are a number of topics under the category of power, let’s focus on one of its units which is the horsepower.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A horsepower is a unit of power. One horsepower (abbreviation, HP or hp) equals 550 foot-pounds as mentioned earlier is the amount of work done by one pound of force exerted through a distance of one foot). The metric unit is the watt; one horsepower equals 745.7 watts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Originally, horsepower mean the ability of a horse to perform heavy tasks such as turning a mill wheel or drawing a load. James Watt (1736-1819), inventor of the first efficient steam engine, chose horsepower as a standard to which the power of an engine could be meaningfully compared. Watt’s measurements of horsepower were widely accepted, even though the measurements applied only to very strong horses working for brief periods. Although the horse is no longer an important source of power, Watt’s standard is retained for rating engines, turbines, electric motors, windmills, and waterpower devices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Indicated horsepower is the power an engine would develop if it worked without frictional losses. Brake, or shaft, horsepower (also called delivered horsepower) is the actual power output of an engine Mechanical efficiency of an engine is the ratio between brake horsepower and indicated horsepower, and friction horsepower is the difference between indicated horsepower and brake horsepower.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Water horsepower is a measure of water power. The falling of 33,000 pounds (14, 969 kg) of water over a distance of one foot (30 cm) in one minute produces one horsepower). Thrust horsepower is a measure of the power of a jet or rocket engine. It is also a measure of the rotational power that an engine-driven propeller converts into thrust. (Thrust is the forward force of propulsion). Taxable horsepower is calculated by state and local governments for the purpose of assessing taxes on automobiles and other machines. Taxable horsepower, usually based on a formula using the diameter and number of cylinders, is usually much lower than brake horsepower. An average man while running can develop about one horsepower for a brief period and about one-seventh horsepower for sustained periods. Small motors in household appliances are rated at about one-third to three-fourths horsepower. Reference: Sikorsky, Bob (1997). Horsepower Measured 2 Ways. The Washington Times.

equss vs amadeus by peter shaffer Essay -- essays research papers

In both Equus and Amadeus Shaffer shows insanity in his characters. He does this not only to stress the characters feelings and state of mind of which they are in. Also, he attempts to cast a blanket over the reader; it gives the reader the feeling that Shaffer designed the characters to express and reflect the beauty in insanity and to convey the ugliness on normality. â€Å"Madness, if not out rightly divine, is at best preferable to the 20th century’s ruthless and uninspired sanity, is in this play, as it is so much fashionable philosophizing, totally dependent on a pleasant, aesthetically rational form of derangement for the credibility of its argument† (Richardson 389). Shaffer brings us into these feelings with the story of Alan Strang, a seventeen-year-old British boy. He has been sent to Rokeby Psychiatric Hospital in southern England to get â€Å"help† for the crime of blinding six horses that he worked with. â€Å"Equus†¦. surgically probes man’s continuing fascination with violent forms of belief† (Gill 387). Shaffer makes this all so obvious to us. Alan is an insane young man with no justification and quandary that must be dealt with. His therapist Dysart sees that this boy is troubled and can be helped, but fears that there might be something deeper. â€Å"Dysart recognizes also that the boy he is treating has experienced ‘a passion more ferocious that I have felt in any second of my life† (Real389). Clearly he envies this. In turn Dysart fears that the passion of the boy, not because he can’t understand it, but because he does. â€Å"The inference is that, once cured, that is, rid or his ‘divine’ suffering, Alan will become a dullard like most normal people† (Clurman 388). Shaffer is trying to illustrate that â€Å"normality† is not good, but bad and that the only way to be divine is this state of mind is to go by Shaffer’s idea of â€Å"insane.† Shaffer wants us to think in the mindset of the boy and see what he sees. He wants us to feel the insane thoughts of Equus and experience the urge to follow to voice, but we must ask our selves; what divine spirit is this we see? There is nothing to it but the pure crazed madness of a boy. After reading the play you are left feeling sorry for the poor soul because he was never able to fit into society and the normality, but hear he is being forced into it. Shaffer uses the word insane is strong context because as the author he has cont... ...ely worthless,’ Salieri survives only to see himself become extinct as Mozart’s posthumous reputation increases. For thirty-two years Salieri nurses his hate, refusing to be God’s joke and demanding to be remembered, ‘if not in fame, then infamy.’ Thus, he composes ‘a false confession’ in which he explains ‘how I really murdered Mozart—with arsenic—out of envy!’ Then, as the sun rises and the play draws to its conclusion, he cuts his throat with a razor. Again, however, Salieri fails. He does not die; his confession is found but not believed. It is dismissed as the raving of a madman† (Morace 39). Shaffer ends off leaving us with our mouths wide open, craving more of the story like bees after honey, more of the tale told by the insane old man. This story of the insane from the eyes of the insane also makes it seem as if the norm is insanity and we are all but puppets with our strings being dangled for us by normality. â€Å"But positioning such an alternative is false. One need not be ‘crazed’ to live untrammeled by conventional proscriptions. Most of the insane are in every way for more wretched and pitiful than the average man in his quiet despair of humdrum gloom† (Clurman 388).

Military customs

Military courtesy Is simply the display of good manners and politeness In dealing with other people. Military courtesy conveys respect from both subordinate and senior to each other. Men of arms have used some form of the military salute as an exchange of greeting since the earliest times. It has been preserved and its use continued in all modern armies which Inherit their military traditions from the age of chivalry.The method of rendering the salute has varied through the ages, as It still varies In form between he armless of the world today. In the age of chivalry the knights were all mounted and wore steel armor which covered the body completely, including the head and face. When two friendly knights met, it was the custom for each to raise the visor and expose his face to view of the other. This was always done with the right hand, the left being used to hold the reins.It was significant gesture of friendship and confidence, since It exposed the features and also removed the rig ht hand – the sword hand – from the bluntly of the weapon. Also, In ancient times the freemen (soldiers) of Europe were allowed to carry arms; hen two freemen met, each would raise his right hand to show that he held no weapons and that the meeting was a friendly one. Slaves were not allowed to carry arms, and they passed freemen without the exchange of a greeting. In the Middle Ages, gentlemen often went about clothed in heavy capes under which swords were carried.Upon meeting a friend, the cloak was thrown back by raising the right arm, thus disclosing that the right hand was not on the sword hilt. The Cleveland counterpart of the salutes manifested In various ways such as raising the hand when greeting a reined, tipping the hat when meeting a lady, and using a sign of recognition between lodge members. This sign is always exchanged as a greeting between friends and is given willingly. The military salute is given in the same manner – that of pride in giving r ecognition to a comrade In the honorable profession of arms.The knightly gesture, of raising the hand to the visor came to be recognized as the proper greeting between soldiers, and was continued even after modern firearms had made steel body armor a thing of the past. The military salute is today, as it seems always to have been. Unique form of greeting between military professionals. RENDERING THE HAND SALUTE When on campus and in uniform, cadets will salute all cadet officers and cadre officers of all services. It Is appropriate to accompany the salute with a word of greeting, for example, â€Å"Good morning, sir. Below are examples of situations where you would salute: When walking outdoors in uniform and you approach a cadet officer or cadre officer. When outdoors in uniform and when the American Flag is being raised or lowered. When in uniform, a cadet reporting to an officer in his office, will make his presence t the door known, enter when permission Is given, come to atten tion, salute and 18 Example: â€Å"Sir, Cadet Jones reports. † He/she will remain at the position of attention until given â€Å"At ease. † Upon completion of his business, the cadet will come to attention, salute, do an about face and leave.When an officer (to include cadet officer in uniform) approaches a uniformed group outside, the first cadet to recognize the officer will call â€Å"Attention† and all cadets will salute and remain at attention until given â€Å"At ease†, â€Å"Rest†, â€Å"Carry on†, another command, or until the officer passes. If cadets are performing a work detail, only the person in charge will come to attention and salute. The detail will continue to work. When in formation and an officer (to include cadet officer in uniform) approaches, the person in charge calls the formation to attention and salute.Salutes are not rendered in the following areas or cases: Indoors, salutes are not exchanged except when reporting to a senior officer. When actively engaged in sports or in the middle of training. When operating a vehicle. USE OF â€Å"SIR† and â€Å"SERGEANT† All cadre and cadet officers are addressed as â€Å"SIR†VAMPS†. As a general rule, â€Å"Sir†Vamps† is used in speaking either officially or socially to any senior. The word is repeated with each complete statement. Mimes† and â€Å"No† should always be accompanied with â€Å"Sir†Vamps†. All NCO will be addressed as â€Å"Sergeant† with the exception of the First Sergeant and Sergeant Major.They will be addressed by their title. Another ancient military custom dictates that you should always walk or sit to the left of your seniors. For centuries men fought with swords, and because most men are right handed, the heaviest fighting occurred on the right. The shield was on the left arm, and the left side became defensive. Men and units who preferred to carry the battle t o the enemy, and who were proud of their fighting ability, considered the right of a battle line to a post of honor.Therefore, when an officer walks or sits on your right, he is symbolically filling the post of honor. ATTENTION When an officer enters a room occupied by enlisted personnel or cadets, the room is called to attention. It is not proper, however, for officers to follow this custom at the approach of a senior officer. The question then is how to get officers to attention thou the command. Generally, this is accomplished by the individual officers assuming the position of attention when appropriate or one officer announcing the presence of the senior and the other officers then assuming the position of attention.For example, if the classroom were filled only with cadet officers and the MS entered the room, one of the cadet 19 officers would announce, â€Å"Gentlemen, the Professor of Military Science. † likewise, instructed otherwise by the officer. PARADE REST Like â€Å"Attention†, Parade Rest is a form of respect given to NCO by those Junior in rank. When a Senior NCO enters an area of Junior enlisted soldiers or cadets, the room is called to â€Å"at ease†. All personnel should immediately go to the position of â€Å"stand at-ease† until told to â€Å"carry-on†.

Scrooge’s Change in ‘a Christmas Carol’

In the novel A Christmas Carol, Ebenezer Scrooge is a man who is portrayed as very cold hearted, â€Å"the cold within him froze his features†. He always kept attention to himself and never cared about anyone else. The whole town knew him as a bad man, even â€Å"the blindmen’s dogs knew him†¦ and would tug their owners into corners away from him†. Jacob Marley was his partner in life, and even though their relationship was for business only, he was Scrooge’s only friend. In regret from his own life, Marley and the Three Ghosts of Christmas change Scrooge’s attitude towards life.Jacob Marley was much like Scrooge in his life. He also was cold hearted and only cared about money. In his death, he learnt that it was too late for him to change, but he wanted to give Scrooge the opportunity to become a better person. Marley came to Scrooge to warn him about how he regretted not helping people or being kind. Marley now wanted to help people in life, but he wore â€Å"the chain (he) forged in life†. Marley’s visit startled Scrooge, but he still brushed off the warning and thought that Marley was a dream.Jacob Marley regrets not doing all the things he could have in life, but Scrooge is yet to realise why he needs to change. The first ghost that is sent by Marley is the ghost of Christmas past. The ghost takes Scrooge back in time to where Scrooge was born and raised. At the sight of the village, Scrooge softens and is excited for a moment before returning to his old personality. A change is shown at this point because Scrooge reflects on the good past life he had. Scrooge is shown a scene from when he was a boy, left alone at Christmas whilst everyone else was celebrating.It shows how Scrooge is imagining friends because he is so lonely. After seeing himself Scrooge he regrets not paying attention to the people he’s seen celebrating Christmas. â€Å"There was a boy singing a Christmas carol at my door last night, I would have liked to have given him something, that’s all†. This shows that even though Scrooge hasn’t realized that he is changing, he is starting to become more aware of the things he’s done wrong, and of the community. Scrooge is then shown the time when he was an apprentice, under the employment of Mr. Fezziwig.Fezziwig was a jolly old man, who always respected his workers and cared for them, unlike Scrooge. This scene gives Scrooge the lesson to be kinder to his apprentice Bob Cratchit. The ghost shows Scrooge the annual Christmas parties that Fezziwig held, where rooms were filled with laughter and joy, reminding Scrooge that he had a fun and joyous life in the past. â€Å"The happiness (he) gives, is quite as great as if it cost a fortune. † The ghost of Christmas Past changes Scrooge by making him aware of his past life, and the kindness he once showed.Scrooge is visited by a second spirit, the ghost of Christmas present. The spirit transports Scrooge around the city, showing him scenes of festivity and also deprivation that were happening as they watched. He shows Scrooge the Cratchit household and how happy they are despite being poor, for the second time Scrooge realises how he has abused his power as an employer. Tiny Tim is introduced, he is one of Bob Cratchit’s younger children. Tiny Tim walks with a crutch as he has an incurable illness. The spirit shares a vision of Tiny Tim's crutch, carefully preserved by the fireplace.Scrooge asks if Tim will die. The Ghost first states that â€Å"If these shadows remain unaltered by the Future, the child will die†. Scrooge reflects back to his past unkind comments towards two charitable solicitors against him. Scrooge suggests â€Å"had better do it, and decrease the surplus population† (about the poor children of London), Scrooge is disgusted at his own words and is concerned for Tiny Tim and his family. Bob Cratchit and his family all gather round and make a toast to scrooge, even though they know he is disrespectful and â€Å"the ogre of the family†, they still thank Scrooge.The guests of Scrooge’s nephew, Fred, also toast to Scrooge despite his cruelty. The ghost of Christmas Present, changes Scrooge by making him feel obliged to help the poor of London, and the ghost makes him aware of what people think of him. The last and the most fearsome of the phantoms visit Scrooge, the ghost of Christmas yet to come. He takes Scrooge to the future to show Scrooge what happens after Scrooge’s death. People question what happened to the deceased Scrooge, but most of the people yawn and don’t have any interest in what happened. They are interested in his money and possessions.He was â€Å"alone by himself. † This shows that when Scrooge dies he will not be missed and people will not have a care or interest. Three wealthy men remark that his funeral will be cheap,† if anyone comes at allâ⠂¬ . He is taken to his house where a poor family is stealing belongings, and an unmasked figure lies on the bed. The ghost starts unmasking the figure but Scrooge tells him to stop, as he fears the figure is him. The ghost takes him to the graveyard where his â€Å"neglected grave† lay. With a connection to death, Scrooge is taken to the Cratchit’s home where the atmosphere is sad and depressing.The family is all upset over the passing of Tiny Tim. Scrooge wishes he was able to help Bob Cratchit more by raising his money to provide the right treatment for Tiny Tim. Scrooge vows to change and help people for the better. The three ghosts and Jacob Marley, change Scrooge for the better. Their visits made Scrooge aware of his wrong-doing. They showed him what others were like in good spirits, and what would happen in the future if he didn’t change. Scrooge realized how he could change and â€Å"he was better than his word†. The ghosts made Scrooge a better person.

Articles of the confederation dbq essays

Articles of the confederation dbq essays The American colonies were in desperate need of an effective form of government after the revolutionary war. The Articles of Confederation unfortunately were not the answer, because of their inability to establish a strong centralized government, enforce decisions made by Congress, and create a centralized military to protect the people. The Articles were adopted by the first continental congress in 1781, and created a loose form of government with independent states that mostly governed themselves. Many thought this was a good form of government for the newly formed states; however it failed to unify them into one and create a centralized government. The path they chose was to allow each state to govern and defend itself. This only managed to create confusion in the states, because each had its own laws and currency. The articles also failed to create a way for congress to enforce decisions they made as seen in document A. It required nine out of thirteen states to support a law before it was passed and even after it was passed it was up to the states to decide whether or not they chose to obey the law. The laws were simply considered recommendations that could be ignored if leaders felt like they were not important as seen in document A. Congress also could not tax the states without their approval. Many of the man in the army did not receive there compensation, because Congress could not tax states and so could not fund an army. They relied solely on donations for funds to raise an army and many states did not choose to donate as seen in document C. The newly formed country was left almost defenseless and vulnerable to attacks. The articles left the country without a government, defenseless and unable enforce decisions. Some may argue that the Articles were just what this young country needed. They feared a centralized government, because they had recently gotten free of a very traumatizing relationship with Br ...

Comparative Words Lesson Plan

Comparative Words Lesson Plan Use these guidelines to prepare a lesson plan to teach students of any age how to use comparative words and comparative clauses to express the concepts of more or less and greater or lesser. Objectives and Goals Instruct/review adjectives as a part of speechIntroduce students to words that end in -er and/or -estOffer students the chance to practice finding similar items and comparing them through the proper use of language Anticipatory Set​ Ask students what they know about -er and -est words, as well as the word than. Explain that -er adjectives are for comparing two things, while -est words are used to compare three or more things. For older students, introduce and use the terms comparative and superlative repeatedly and hold students accountable for knowing these terms. Direct Instruction Model turning common root adjectives into comparative and superlative adjectives (examples: funny, hot, happy, big, good, etc.)Brainstorm additional adjectives and practice (as a group) putting them into sentences (example: The sun is hotter than the moon. A baby is smaller than a teenager.) Guided Practice Depending on the age and abilities of your students, you can ask the students to write their own comparative and superlative sentences from scratch. Or, for younger students, you can design and copy a worksheet with cloze sentences and they can fill in the blanks or circle the correct suffix. For example: Fill in the Blanks: The ___________ is bigger than the ___________.Circle one: The big (er or est) animal in the zoo is an elephant. Another option is to have students look through the pages of their independent reading books and search for comparative and superlative adjectives. ​ Closure Offer sharing time for the students to read aloud the sentences they completed or composed. Reinforce the core concepts with discussion and question/answer time. ​ Independent Practice For homework, have students write a given number of comparative and/or superlative sentences based on things they find in their homes, books, neighborhood, or imaginations. ​ Required Materials and Equipment Worksheets if needed, paper, pencils, student reading books if needed. ​ Assessment and Follow-Up Check completed homework assignments for correct sentence structure and grammar. Re-teach as needed. Point our comparative and superlative words as they come up in class discussion and whole group reading.

Special educational needs provision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Special educational needs provision - Essay Example The Education reform Act of 1988 marks an historic and radical revision of education in England and Wales based on an ideology starkly at odds with that which guided the system’s development in the previous four decades (Cor, 1996). The reliance on market forces as a mechanism of quality control and the unprecedented degree of centralized control of the curriculum, for instance, are principles calling for revolutionary changes in the way teachers operate. Their impact has been made more difficult to assimilate by the speed with which these policies are introduces and there political sponsors refusals to acknowledge what may educationists have argued are potentially dangerous implications. And also in this, special education is not only reflected as a broader educational concept but also as a broader social and political concept. (Len, 1988). Special educational needs are defined in the 1993 Education Act as learning difficulties that call for special provision besides that rou tinely provided in mainstream schools (1993 Act, para 156). If what is provided routinely does not meet the child’s learning needs then a statement of SEN, specifying additional resources will be required. The inexorable rise in the number of children with statements, combined with increasingly high levels of parental expectations concerning special educational needs provision, has led to demands on the founders, the Local Education Authorities (LEAs) which can no longer be met (Ann, 1997). met (Ann, 1997). Recognizing this, the 1993 Education Act proposed a Code of Practice to clarify what special educational needs provision should be made generally available in mainstream schools. Children with special educational needs form a substantial minority of the primary school population. The Warnock Report (DES, 1978) suggested that 20 percent of children will have special educational needs at some time during their school careers. This figure, derived from standardized test and survey data, has been criticized as arbitrary and self-fulfilling but is supported by a wide range of research evidence (e.g. Croll and Moses, 1985; Mortimore et al. 1988; Shorrocks et al, 1992). Thus children with a variety of special educational need form a significant group and one that may draw disproportionately on scarce educational resources. To be precise, in 2005 around 18% of all pupils in school in England were categorized as having some sort of special educational need (SEN) (1.5 million children) (Ann, 1997). Around 3% of all children (250,000) had a statement of SEN and around 1% of all children were in special schools (90,000) - which represents approximately one third of children with statements. With such a large number of children involved, it is important to recognize that many children are receiving the education they need in an appropriate setting. It is equally important, however, to highlight the difficulties faced by a large number of parents for whom the system is failing to meet the needs of their children. The influence of the Warnock Report was not restricted to a new conceptualization of special educational needs; it also made wide - ranging recommendations about the way in which special educational provision should be developed. The Committee argued that the provision should be seen as 'additional or supplementary" rather than 'separate or alternative' to regular education, and described a continuum of settings in which it might take place. For most children, their needs would be met in ordinary classrooms, with additional support as required. The Warnock Committee (DES, 1978) heralded a

Marketing plan Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Marketing plan - Assignment Example It is flourishing more than ever before. Consequently, fragrance has become a necessity rather than a luxury for women. The future of fragrance industry seems to be rosier than ever, but the possibility of downturn in luxury item market can not be ruled out due to widespread recession wave. Fragrance market is highly competitive with the presence of giant business corporations. Pink is a small but international company with a range of 6 brands which is divided into two main lines; Pink Divine and Pink Dew. Market in USA and Europe is saturated for Pink with chances of growth by extensive competitive strategy; on the other hand, opportunities are diverse in Middle East, Japan and China. Pink can have an edge through partnerships and research ventures with the established corporations. Pink’s marketing strategy is to innovate and play with the strengths. We have to focus on competitors in order to achieve our target of US$0.5 billion. Economic environment is volatile, due to recession period there is a downturn in world economy. In this situation demand for luxury goods, especially fragrances decrease. Consequently, women are spending lesser on expensive products especially fragrances are used occasionally rather than regularly. There is very little room for growth in over saturated markets like USA and Europe. In 21st century the marketing world has changed completely. With globalization markets are easier to approach as advanced communication means has shrunk the world to a village. To meet the needs of business in this fast-paced world there are much technological advancement. Internet has not only changed marketing techniques but also replaced inventory with information. To meet the requirements of modern customer we have to concentrate on technological advancements like nanotechnology in sunscreen products in future. Suppliers will be provided by the superior technical support. For Pink, to support customer needs and value creation through the products

Mohammed Ali Clay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mohammed Ali Clay - Essay Example He was raised in a middle class black household in the poorer district of the city. When he was 12, his new bicycle was stolen. When he went to the local police station to complain, the local policeman, Joe Martin, suggested to him to learn boxing. Young Cassius started training under Martin .who was also a boxing coach, in Louisville's Columbia Gym. Although Martin gave him the idea and inspiration to become a boxer, it was the black trainer, Fred Stone, who taught Clay the finer intricacies of the science of boxing. Boxing as a sport was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "Boxing is a sport contested at the amateur and professional levels , which involves attack and defense with the fist. (Encyclopedia p. 177) Boxing had become a popular sport in the U.S, with the Irish immigrants, and later, the African Americans from early twentieth century. There were amateur and professional contests. Boxing was also a part of the Olympic Games. According to the Encyclopedia, "Boxing first appeared as a formal Olympic event in the twenty third Olympiad in 688 B.C."(Encyclopedia 178) In the 1960 Olympiad, eighteen year old Cassius Clay won the gold medal, which brought him fame. But he knew the big money was in professional boxing. "Ali signed the most lucrative contract- a 50-50 split -negotiated by a beginning professional in the history of boxing, with a 12 member group of millionaires called the Louisville Sponsoring Group."(Gale Cengage Learning) He has a great media personality- his boasts and sayings created public interest in him. Unlike the other heavyweight boxers, who were usually quiet and retiring, he was fond of publicity. His wit also helped to make him well known. He is reported to have told Gilbert Rogin of Sports Illustrated, "Boxing is dying because everybody is so quiet..What boxing needs is..more Clays" (Gale) In February 1954, he boasted to the readers of the same magazine, "Cassius Clay is a boxer who can throw the jive better than anybody." More money started to pour into the sport of boxing because of Ali's flamboyant personality and his witty boasts. In 1964, Ali fought Sonny Liston for the World Heavyweight Championship. Ali was only 22 at the time. Liston was a powerful fighter, but Muhammad Ali had science to his aid. Ali's war cry had been, "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee", which he did in the match in Miami. By using intelligence and science, young Ali won the championship. "He beat Liston in a display of beautiful, controlled boxing." (Gale) Although Liston was very powerful, he went down to Ali, who used his skills with good planning and great courage and confidence. An interesting anecdote about Liston is popular. According to Hauser, "Liston picks up the dice and throws craps and there is a big silence. Then a voice comes, "Look at that big ugly bear, he can't even shoot."(Hauser p. 50) Clay had made his announcement to everyone present. Confidence was the hallmark of Ali. Boxers without confidence are doomed. David Remnick writes about the fight on September 25, 1962. "On the morning of the fight, the heavyweight champion of the world packed a loser's suitcase. Floyd Patterson, for all his hand speed, for all the hours he put in the gym, was the most doubt-addled titleholder in the history of the division."(Remnick 1) But Ali was never doubt riddled, he was

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In Pakistan

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In Pakistan CHAPTER 1 Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to your country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before (Larkins and Dan, 1998). Foreign direct investment can affect the countrys economy in different ways. It can affect the GDP rate, exchange rates and government policies in different ways; the effects of foreign direct investment at GDP are very significant. In many countries it constitutes at higher percentages of GDP rates. When foreign investment comes to the country it means that the business activity flourishes in the economy. There will be more production taken place and more goods and services produced by whether incorporated or unincorporated companies, or individual firm or it can be group related to enterprises but in any case there will be more provision of goods as heavy investments are taking places in form of foreign direct investment. GDP is actually refers to the production of more goods in compare to the last year results so a countrys GDP will surely increases by foreign direct investment. Total output of the economy will be increased which increases the GDP level (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and Da vid, 1991). 1.2 Problem Statement To identify the relationship between interbank exchange rate, real GDP and Dummy variable with foreign direct investment inflow in Pakistan. 1.3 Research Hypothesis: H1: Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. H2: Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. H3: Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. 1.4 Outline of the study Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries. Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. There will be more job opportunities as in developing countries like Pakistan unemployment is a basic problem too which will be solved by the inflow of foreign direct investment. There will be not be only the employment of people but all factors will be employed if foreign investment will come. Many countries like China, Singapore, South Korea and Malaysia are depending on this foreign direct investment and are moving towards the development quickly. Factor employments will create income generation and through the multiplier effects the round of spending will make the economy proper and developed. There are many nations who are poor and they cannot carry out some of the plans needed in their country like extracting of some natural resources which is very expensive and needs heavy machinery. Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries. 1.5 Definitions Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). Foreign investment also comprises of multinationals which open there operating branches in your countries and perform their business operations like production of goods and services so in USA inflow from multinationals also helps in creating trading activities like surpluses can be exports to outside countries to earn good amounts of foreign exchange which will appreciate your currency. Foreign direct investment resulted in 30% of the jobs in the manufacturing sectors. Inward FDI also led to the capital flow in USA which means higher productivity and living standards (Jaffee, Dwight, and Thomas, 1996). India is the second largest destination of FDI after China. It is been stated by the surveys of UNCTAD that India has been facing massive growth through Transaction Corporation. The areas which has been strengthen through the inflow of foreign direct investments are, telecommunication, information technology and other major areas like chemicals, apparels, auto components, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. There are high investments from Mauritius mainly due to the routing international funds through the country giving significant capital gain tax advantages; as tax will be treated between India and Mauritius so double taxation will be avoided. On the other hand Mauritius is capital gain tax heaven so there will be zero tax in FDI channel (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and David, 1991). FDI inflows into India reached a record $19.5 billion in fiscal year 2006-07 (April–March), according to the governments Secretariat for Industrial Assistance. This was double of US $7.8bn in the previous year. In 2008 FDI was more than $35bn. Government of India has created many incentives for the investors. The areas which need more relaxations were civil aviation, construction development, industrial parks, petroleum and natural gas, commodity exchanges, credit-information services and mining. Due to the foreign direct investment the economy of India is getting prosperous, economic growth is coming into effect. The potential to be an economic superpower is going to depend on how the government can create incentives for FDI flow across a large number of sectors in India. FDI is also hitting the country of Morocco with its affects. It is ranked among 4rth in foreign direct investment ranking, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Other 72 projec ts were also been approved in 2008 as statistics have shown. FDI increases the job opportunities to 40,023 which were direct and stable. Morocco is making many steps in making it clear destination for foreign direct investment which is really good for its economy and its people overall. Though there was a decline in foreign investment of 29% in 2008 due to the economic downturn but after then it will raised up to the level where it gets god image. The major investors of Morocco are European Union with France (1.86bln), Spain (783mln). Arab countries also invest in Morocco. In terms of sectors, tourism has the biggest share of investment with $1.55bln, which is 33% of the total FDI, followed by the real estate sector and the industrial sector, with respectively $930mln and $374mln (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008). The best thing which is hit by foreign direct investment is the opportunity for the citizen of host country that is of employment and skills development. Through investment by companies of abroad business activity taken place in the country, more goods will be demanded so there will be more need of factors of production so that the demand will be meeting up. For this purpose more people will be employed by those companies and in return people enjoy good wages and higher living standards. Secondly to make the product internationally acceptable and of great quality many training programs are also been conducted which enhance the skills of the employees and their efficiency level (Dewenter, 2008). Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant. Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training. FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative adv antages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase. If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008). Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does not generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Froot and Stein, 1991). Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industrializes encourage foreign direct investment (Campa and Goldberg, 1995). It affects the economic growth by stimulating domestic investment, increasing human capital formation and by facilitating the technology transfer in the host countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has emerged as the most important source of external. Apart from exchange rates and GDP level inflow of foreign direct investment also effects your democratic government; like how they reshape their policies and incentives. Like if you investors are investing in your country they also will need some of the free hands incentives which will more attract them to invest. For this purpose the government of host country will be reshaping their policies somehow like low corporate and income tax rates, tax holidays will be given to them, special economic zones will be created, export processing zone will be come into existence, financial subsidies, infrastructure subsidies, RD supports and many other things to relax them so that they will invest more (Rodriguez, 1998). Besides all these foreign direct investment will be having great impact on GDP level. Local output will increase as more production of gods will be taken place. More production means that your country is having more number of commodities ever than before so real output is increasing means GDP level. Increase in GDP will surely have good effects on your economy. Economic growth will come into effect. More employment will be there and factor payments will lead to the multiplier effects which means more and more income generation and economy will reaches to its equilibrium level (Dewenter, 2008). Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training (Huang and Walkling, 1997). FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative advantages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase (Itagaki, 2000). If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit. Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does nohat generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Craine, 1999). Economic growth may mean that we are using are scarce resources swiftly so that they can depleted. Oil, coal, metals other natural resources are in limited supply and can be run out if we use them so quickly. If they do run out then there can be no more capital goods, food supplies may diminish and the population of world may suffer but this can be control through conservation process. Conservation means that you saved up some amount of scarce resources for our future generation rather than consuming it all at once for present people so by it we can save for the upcoming people of the country (Klein and Rosengren, 1994). Foreign direct investment if comes in the country so that will be definitely mean that more and more factories will be opening in the host country or if it comes for the existing factories like extracting of some natural resources etc so that means expansion of those factories. More and more factories and business sites means that there is though more land is available to produce more goods and services but less for other activities like recreational activities or parks etc. these can also destroy the plants and animals. The solution to this problem is that government should restrict the areas where these factories can be located and only allow there to operate. Those areas should be keeping away from residential locations so that normal citizens should not get affected. Factories should be more on barren land and regions so that fertile lands and animals would not get affected too. Growth also comes with many benefits so government cannot stop it. The best thing in this situation go vernment tries to do is to achieve sustainable growth. Sustainable growth means that along with the foreign investment, which is coming into the country government should try to minimize the harmful effects and should maximize the benefits so that resources and further things can be secured for the upcoming generations too (Hartman, 1992). There are also some of the negative aspects of foreign direct investment. There are some issues which are related like operation, distribution of the profits made on the investment and the personnel.economic backward section is always get effected of the host country when foreign direct investment is negatively affected. It is the responsibility of the host country to limit the effect of the foreign direct investment. They should make sure that countries which are making foreign direct investments should abide all the laws relating to environmental, governance and social regulations that are laid down country. However there can be some negative effects of economic growth too, means higher and higher GDP can affect your economy and people in it in a different manner too. There can be an opportunity cost of growth; economic growth may achieved by producing more capital goods but at the expense of less consumer goods like television, fashionable clothes etc but this can be in short run as in long run people will be enjoying more and more consumer goods and higher living standards due to the sustainable growth which has been achieved (Baldwin and Krugman, 1999). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD This chapter explains the methodology used for this research study. This study focused on finding the factors affecting inflows of foreign direct investment in Pakistan. A method is a tool that can help solve problem and research new knowledge. This chapter also gives the methods to evaluate validity and reliability of the research for the factors associated with direct investment in Pakistan. 3.1. Data used: This research was carried out through Secondary Data. 3.2. Method of data collection: Data of Foreign Direct Investment and Real GDP is collected through State Bank of Pakistan, website and from Economic Survey of Pakistan and Data for Interbank exchange rate was collected through different websites like www.Oanda.com and www.indexmundi.com. 3.3. Sample size: Sample data of last 39 years is to be taken. Data has been taken from the year 3.4. Statistical tool used: In order to measure the relationship between the To Identify the relationship between Interbank Exchange Rate, Real GDP, and Dummy variable with Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Regression is used as a statistical tool in this research. SPSS software is used to evaluate the relationship between the variables. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1. H1: Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.1.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable set will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.1.2 From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -4011.980 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.1.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co-linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.1.4 From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -0.31 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. 4.2. H2: Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.2.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.2.2 From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is 4243.439 means that there is a positive relationship exists among the real GDP and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.2.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.2.4 From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is -.438 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the real GDP and FDI therefore hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. 4.3. H3: Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.3.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.3.2 From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -17128.3 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/democratic government and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.3.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.3.4 From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -.107 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/exchange rate and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION,CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion: There were number of positive and negative effects of this foreign direct investment. The positive effects of foreign direct investment are; the investment means that foreign currency is coming into Pakistan. Whenever any company may be multinational invested in this country in terms of direct investment it means that they invested their currency into the country. It increased the foreign exchange reserves which are good for host country as they can be used in payments of debts or any kind of imports etc. Secondly more goods and services have produced and which can be exported to outside countries; so more foreign exchange can be earns through it. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industria lizes encourage foreign direct investment. Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before. New technologies in shape of new capital equipments and software which can make factories totally automated will lower all the average costs and make it more efficient that it ever can be. Besides all of these sometimes local firms can also be squeeze out of the market due to the inferior equipment and much smaller resources than the large giants with foreign investments. This is the work of government that how they reshape their policies to bring in foreign direct investment into your favor and not letting down the overall economic conditions. Profits which may earn here can also be sent back to the base country rather than kept for the re investment in the host nations. Some multinationals also impose their cultures in the people of the host country. To avoid all this state should interfere with all the consumer protection laws, unfair competition, laws for employee protection, environment protection and also of location of industry. 5.2 Discussion and implication: Apart from these things when foreign investment comes into the country so then means that new opportunities could be created for many other firms too like they supply components and other things to the companies who are operating over here and has invested which will generate more employment and income for the citizens. Local firms can also be motivated to bring their quality up to the international standards as if they are supplying components to the multinationals. This thing will improve their productivity and it is good for the country so foreign direct investment is very beneficial. Foreign direct investment will bring in investments and hot inflow of money and capital along with the tax revenues for the government even after some exemptions. Companies or individuals who operate in your country after investment will pay some taxes to the government too. Government can re invest those revenues in other sectors for the welfare of the general public like in health or education sectors etc. 5.3 Future research: For future research, there are many advantages of high GDP rate like people can have more goods and services to consume; it will raise their living standards, secondly excess goods can be exported to outside countries so that foreign exchange can be earn through it. Higher GDP will give good image to the country in terms of many things; more and more foreign investors will come with their investments. People will be earning more so they can afford more other goods to purchase and secondly more incomes means more taxation for the government which it can spend on many other projects like schooling, health, defense, crime control etc. growth should result in improved standards of living in the country and higher profitability for the business. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In Pakistan Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Inflow In Pakistan CHAPTER 1 Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to your country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before (Larkins and Dan, 1998). Foreign direct investment can affect the countrys economy in different ways. It can affect the GDP rate, exchange rates and government policies in different ways; the effects of foreign direct investment at GDP are very significant. In many countries it constitutes at higher percentages of GDP rates. When foreign investment comes to the country it means that the business activity flourishes in the economy. There will be more production taken place and more goods and services produced by whether incorporated or unincorporated companies, or individual firm or it can be group related to enterprises but in any case there will be more provision of goods as heavy investments are taking places in form of foreign direct investment. GDP is actually refers to the production of more goods in compare to the last year results so a countrys GDP will surely increases by foreign direct investment. Total output of the economy will be increased which increases the GDP level (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and Da vid, 1991). 1.2 Problem Statement To identify the relationship between interbank exchange rate, real GDP and Dummy variable with foreign direct investment inflow in Pakistan. 1.3 Research Hypothesis: H1: Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. H2: Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. H3: Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. 1.4 Outline of the study Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries. Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. There will be more job opportunities as in developing countries like Pakistan unemployment is a basic problem too which will be solved by the inflow of foreign direct investment. There will be not be only the employment of people but all factors will be employed if foreign investment will come. Many countries like China, Singapore, South Korea and Malaysia are depending on this foreign direct investment and are moving towards the development quickly. Factor employments will create income generation and through the multiplier effects the round of spending will make the economy proper and developed. There are many nations who are poor and they cannot carry out some of the plans needed in their country like extracting of some natural resources which is very expensive and needs heavy machinery. Foreign direct investment helps here those countries in carrying out their plans like Pakistan got assistance in running its steel mill operation etc. in this way foreign direct investment helps a lot third world countries. 1.5 Definitions Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW Foreign direct investment refers to the amount of participation that inflows from country a to country b like in many developing countries it comes from developed countries or it can also come in developed country as net property income from abroad. Foreign direct investment can be positive or negative which then results to the inflow of direct investment. It does not include investments which are done on purchase of shares. Investments can be come from wealthy individuals, public or private companies, government bodies, group related enterprises etc (Herring and Richard Willett, 1999). Foreign investment also comprises of multinationals which open there operating branches in your countries and perform their business operations like production of goods and services so in USA inflow from multinationals also helps in creating trading activities like surpluses can be exports to outside countries to earn good amounts of foreign exchange which will appreciate your currency. Foreign direct investment resulted in 30% of the jobs in the manufacturing sectors. Inward FDI also led to the capital flow in USA which means higher productivity and living standards (Jaffee, Dwight, and Thomas, 1996). India is the second largest destination of FDI after China. It is been stated by the surveys of UNCTAD that India has been facing massive growth through Transaction Corporation. The areas which has been strengthen through the inflow of foreign direct investments are, telecommunication, information technology and other major areas like chemicals, apparels, auto components, jewelry and pharmaceuticals. There are high investments from Mauritius mainly due to the routing international funds through the country giving significant capital gain tax advantages; as tax will be treated between India and Mauritius so double taxation will be avoided. On the other hand Mauritius is capital gain tax heaven so there will be zero tax in FDI channel (Hoshi, Takeo, Anil, and David, 1991). FDI inflows into India reached a record $19.5 billion in fiscal year 2006-07 (April–March), according to the governments Secretariat for Industrial Assistance. This was double of US $7.8bn in the previous year. In 2008 FDI was more than $35bn. Government of India has created many incentives for the investors. The areas which need more relaxations were civil aviation, construction development, industrial parks, petroleum and natural gas, commodity exchanges, credit-information services and mining. Due to the foreign direct investment the economy of India is getting prosperous, economic growth is coming into effect. The potential to be an economic superpower is going to depend on how the government can create incentives for FDI flow across a large number of sectors in India. FDI is also hitting the country of Morocco with its affects. It is ranked among 4rth in foreign direct investment ranking, according to the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Other 72 projec ts were also been approved in 2008 as statistics have shown. FDI increases the job opportunities to 40,023 which were direct and stable. Morocco is making many steps in making it clear destination for foreign direct investment which is really good for its economy and its people overall. Though there was a decline in foreign investment of 29% in 2008 due to the economic downturn but after then it will raised up to the level where it gets god image. The major investors of Morocco are European Union with France (1.86bln), Spain (783mln). Arab countries also invest in Morocco. In terms of sectors, tourism has the biggest share of investment with $1.55bln, which is 33% of the total FDI, followed by the real estate sector and the industrial sector, with respectively $930mln and $374mln (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008). The best thing which is hit by foreign direct investment is the opportunity for the citizen of host country that is of employment and skills development. Through investment by companies of abroad business activity taken place in the country, more goods will be demanded so there will be more need of factors of production so that the demand will be meeting up. For this purpose more people will be employed by those companies and in return people enjoy good wages and higher living standards. Secondly to make the product internationally acceptable and of great quality many training programs are also been conducted which enhance the skills of the employees and their efficiency level (Dewenter, 2008). Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant. Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training. FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative adv antages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase. If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit (Harris and Ravenscraft, 2008). Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does not generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Froot and Stein, 1991). Foreign direct investment is basically the inflow of capital or investment from outside countries whether in shape of any kind of assistance or full operations like multinationals etc. foreign direct investment produce positive productivity effect on host countries. The main importance of this direct investment is that the adoption of the foreign technology, and gets to knew about many things through licensing agreements, imitation, employee trainings, process innovation, and link between foreign and domestic firms. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industrializes encourage foreign direct investment (Campa and Goldberg, 1995). It affects the economic growth by stimulating domestic investment, increasing human capital formation and by facilitating the technology transfer in the host countries. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has emerged as the most important source of external. Apart from exchange rates and GDP level inflow of foreign direct investment also effects your democratic government; like how they reshape their policies and incentives. Like if you investors are investing in your country they also will need some of the free hands incentives which will more attract them to invest. For this purpose the government of host country will be reshaping their policies somehow like low corporate and income tax rates, tax holidays will be given to them, special economic zones will be created, export processing zone will be come into existence, financial subsidies, infrastructure subsidies, RD supports and many other things to relax them so that they will invest more (Rodriguez, 1998). Besides all these foreign direct investment will be having great impact on GDP level. Local output will increase as more production of gods will be taken place. More production means that your country is having more number of commodities ever than before so real output is increasing means GDP level. Increase in GDP will surely have good effects on your economy. Economic growth will come into effect. More employment will be there and factor payments will lead to the multiplier effects which means more and more income generation and economy will reaches to its equilibrium level (Dewenter, 2008). Resource flows to developing countries over the 1990s and has become a significant Part of capital formation in the developing countries despite their share in global distribution of FDI continuing to remain small or even declining. The role of the foreign direct investment (FDI) has been widely recognized as a Growth-enhancing factor in the developing countries. The potential advantages of the FDI on the host economy are it promote the use and Exploitation of local raw materials, it enhances modern techniques of management and marketing, it eases the access to new technologies, hot capital inflow could be used for financing current account deficits, finance flows in form of FDI do not generate repayment of principal and interests (as opposed to external debt), it increases the stock of human capital via on the job training (Huang and Walkling, 1997). FDI allows you to access the use of raw materials of the host country which means that it will promote its usage, a country can get absolute and comparative advantages on the basis of it natural resources or any kind of material which can give it an edge. Secondly due to the foreign direct investment it is very sure that new technologies will be transfer to the host country and will make them more efficient and up to the international standards. Often multinationals carried out the training programs for the workers of host countries so in this case their expertise will be enhanced and their productivity will increase (Itagaki, 2000). If a country is facing current account deficit which means that its balance of payment position is worse and imports are higher than exports so here foreign direct investment plays an important role in financing your current account deficit. Hot inflow of money will offset your current account deficit with the flow of capital comes from outside countries in shape of inflow of foreign direct investment. That is how it affects your current account. The advantage of foreign direct investment is that it does nohat generate any interest payments or the return of principal amounts as opposed to the external debt. So in total foreign direct investment effect your GDP level, current account balance and your democratic government in different ways and mainly positive. Some negative effects of foreign direct investment are also here but that is depends on host government rules and regulations that how they strictly maintain the foreign direct investment into their favors (Craine, 1999). Economic growth may mean that we are using are scarce resources swiftly so that they can depleted. Oil, coal, metals other natural resources are in limited supply and can be run out if we use them so quickly. If they do run out then there can be no more capital goods, food supplies may diminish and the population of world may suffer but this can be control through conservation process. Conservation means that you saved up some amount of scarce resources for our future generation rather than consuming it all at once for present people so by it we can save for the upcoming people of the country (Klein and Rosengren, 1994). Foreign direct investment if comes in the country so that will be definitely mean that more and more factories will be opening in the host country or if it comes for the existing factories like extracting of some natural resources etc so that means expansion of those factories. More and more factories and business sites means that there is though more land is available to produce more goods and services but less for other activities like recreational activities or parks etc. these can also destroy the plants and animals. The solution to this problem is that government should restrict the areas where these factories can be located and only allow there to operate. Those areas should be keeping away from residential locations so that normal citizens should not get affected. Factories should be more on barren land and regions so that fertile lands and animals would not get affected too. Growth also comes with many benefits so government cannot stop it. The best thing in this situation go vernment tries to do is to achieve sustainable growth. Sustainable growth means that along with the foreign investment, which is coming into the country government should try to minimize the harmful effects and should maximize the benefits so that resources and further things can be secured for the upcoming generations too (Hartman, 1992). There are also some of the negative aspects of foreign direct investment. There are some issues which are related like operation, distribution of the profits made on the investment and the personnel.economic backward section is always get effected of the host country when foreign direct investment is negatively affected. It is the responsibility of the host country to limit the effect of the foreign direct investment. They should make sure that countries which are making foreign direct investments should abide all the laws relating to environmental, governance and social regulations that are laid down country. However there can be some negative effects of economic growth too, means higher and higher GDP can affect your economy and people in it in a different manner too. There can be an opportunity cost of growth; economic growth may achieved by producing more capital goods but at the expense of less consumer goods like television, fashionable clothes etc but this can be in short run as in long run people will be enjoying more and more consumer goods and higher living standards due to the sustainable growth which has been achieved (Baldwin and Krugman, 1999). CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHOD This chapter explains the methodology used for this research study. This study focused on finding the factors affecting inflows of foreign direct investment in Pakistan. A method is a tool that can help solve problem and research new knowledge. This chapter also gives the methods to evaluate validity and reliability of the research for the factors associated with direct investment in Pakistan. 3.1. Data used: This research was carried out through Secondary Data. 3.2. Method of data collection: Data of Foreign Direct Investment and Real GDP is collected through State Bank of Pakistan, website and from Economic Survey of Pakistan and Data for Interbank exchange rate was collected through different websites like www.Oanda.com and www.indexmundi.com. 3.3. Sample size: Sample data of last 39 years is to be taken. Data has been taken from the year 3.4. Statistical tool used: In order to measure the relationship between the To Identify the relationship between Interbank Exchange Rate, Real GDP, and Dummy variable with Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Regression is used as a statistical tool in this research. SPSS software is used to evaluate the relationship between the variables. CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 4.1. H1: Inter Bank Exchange Rate has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.1.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable set will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.1.2 From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -4011.980 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.1.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co-linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.1.4 From the above table the beta value of the exchange rate is -0.31 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the exchange rate and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. 4.2. H2: Real GDP has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.2.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.2.2 From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is 4243.439 means that there is a positive relationship exists among the real GDP and the FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.2.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.2.4 From the above table the beta value of the real GDP is -.438 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the real GDP and FDI therefore hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. 4.3. H3: Democratic Government has a positive impact on Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Pakistan. Table 4.3.1 The adjusted R Square value of the above table is 0.944 or 94.4% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the 94.4% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that there is a presence of the auto correlation in the data set lag generations or transformations would be resolve this issue. Table 4.3.2 From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -17128.3 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/democratic government and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not rejected. The VIF values indicate that there is also a presence of multi co linearity in the data set. Table 4.3.3 For resolving the issues of autocorrelation and multi co linearity suitable transformations were applied on the data set in order to prepare the appropriate results. After applying the transformations the adjusted R Square value of the above table is -0.061 or -6.1% it means that the one unit change in the independent variable sets will bring out the -6.1% change in the variation of dependent variable. Form the above Durbin Watson value it seems that after the application of the transformation the problem of auto correlation in the data set has been resolved. Table 4.3.4 From the above table the beta value of the dummy variable/democratic government is -.107 means that there is a negative relationship exists among the dummy variable/exchange rate and FDI therefore, our null hypothesis is not accepted. After the application of transformations the problem of multi co linearity in the data set is also resolved. CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION,CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, AND FUTURE RESEARCH 5.1 Conclusion: There were number of positive and negative effects of this foreign direct investment. The positive effects of foreign direct investment are; the investment means that foreign currency is coming into Pakistan. Whenever any company may be multinational invested in this country in terms of direct investment it means that they invested their currency into the country. It increased the foreign exchange reserves which are good for host country as they can be used in payments of debts or any kind of imports etc. Secondly more goods and services have produced and which can be exported to outside countries; so more foreign exchange can be earns through it. Foreign direct investment directly linked with the economic development of the host country and it also give benefit to the base country as they can access raw materials, can avoid trade barriers, will be near to the markets, can take advantage of cheap labors and lack of rules in host countries. Due to benefits host countries and industria lizes encourage foreign direct investment. Foreign investment proved as very important for the developing countries. In poor nations it is proves as significant driver of development. FDI provides many of the developing countries with great benefits which helped them in achieving their economic growth. Through foreign direct investment there will be many things which are coming to the developing nations. There will be inflow of foreign capital and funds which you can term as hot money coming to country. This capital can be invested into your business sectors to make it more worthy and profitable. Secondly there will be transfer of skills and technical expertise as if their entrepreneurs will come into your country and combine all the factors of production so then after results will be greater and larger than before. New technologies in shape of new capital equipments and software which can make factories totally automated will lower all the average costs and make it more efficient that it ever can be. Besides all of these sometimes local firms can also be squeeze out of the market due to the inferior equipment and much smaller resources than the large giants with foreign investments. This is the work of government that how they reshape their policies to bring in foreign direct investment into your favor and not letting down the overall economic conditions. Profits which may earn here can also be sent back to the base country rather than kept for the re investment in the host nations. Some multinationals also impose their cultures in the people of the host country. To avoid all this state should interfere with all the consumer protection laws, unfair competition, laws for employee protection, environment protection and also of location of industry. 5.2 Discussion and implication: Apart from these things when foreign investment comes into the country so then means that new opportunities could be created for many other firms too like they supply components and other things to the companies who are operating over here and has invested which will generate more employment and income for the citizens. Local firms can also be motivated to bring their quality up to the international standards as if they are supplying components to the multinationals. This thing will improve their productivity and it is good for the country so foreign direct investment is very beneficial. Foreign direct investment will bring in investments and hot inflow of money and capital along with the tax revenues for the government even after some exemptions. Companies or individuals who operate in your country after investment will pay some taxes to the government too. Government can re invest those revenues in other sectors for the welfare of the general public like in health or education sectors etc. 5.3 Future research: For future research, there are many advantages of high GDP rate like people can have more goods and services to consume; it will raise their living standards, secondly excess goods can be exported to outside countries so that foreign exchange can be earn through it. Higher GDP will give good image to the country in terms of many things; more and more foreign investors will come with their investments. People will be earning more so they can afford more other goods to purchase and secondly more incomes means more taxation for the government which it can spend on many other projects like schooling, health, defense, crime control etc. growth should result in improved standards of living in the country and higher profitability for the business.