Speech On Freedom Of Expression - 1552 Words

Is freedom of expression really a right of American citizens, and if so, are there any limits? To start off, freedom of expression is the right to express ones ideas and opinions freely through speech, writing, and other forms of communication, but without deliberately causing harm to others character and/or reputation by false or misleading statements. There is no such thing as full freedom of expression. There are many articles and laws stating that a person has complete and utter freedom of expression, but they really do not. In 1789, the first congress of the States created the Constitution of the United States of America. The first amendment of the constitution states, Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of†¦show more content†¦Figure 1. (An illustration showing that both men fighting have no freedom of expression, because they have invaded personal space and â€Å"property†.) The limits of expression are physically hurting someone or something, slandering, or breaking a law. To take a deeper perspective on this, if someone was to act in calumny about a different person, this could possibly limit their freedom of expression. If they were saying different statements to hurt or offend someone they have no freedom of expression. As well as if someone was to look at someone or touch someone in a lecherous way, their freedom of expression is gone, because they have violated someone else. Another case is if someone was to gibe at someone else and the person was hurt by the words or phrases, the person who committed the act would lose all of their freedom of expression. To conclude, if a person offends or invades personal space or property, they have and will lose all of their freedom of expression, the rights an individual has ends at the point when it affects another person. Freedom of expression has been an on-going issue since the early 1900s. There have been many Supreme Court casesShow MoreRelatedFreedom Of Speech And Expression1198 Words   |  5 PagesIII. Freedom of speech and expression The freedom of speech and expression is a cherished human right which has worldwide acceptance. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights through Article19, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights through Article 19, the European Convention on Human Rights through Article 19 etc. recognize this right as a human right. But it is not clear whether the right to use loudspeaker forms part of this right. Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian ConstitutionRead MoreFreedom Of Speech And Expression Essay974 Words   |  4 Pagesthe State of Punjab, Fram Nusserwanji v. State of Bombay, Chandardeo v. State of Bihar, Tozam-mal v. Government of Bengal, etc., the laws related to press ultra vires to the constitution were quashed. Article 19(1) (a), freedom of speech and expression which also includes freedom of press is with the restrictions provided in Article 19(2) of the Constitution. When the constitution was enacted, Article 19 contained only following restrictions: 1. Libel, slander and defamation 2. Contempt of courtRead MoreFreedom Of Speech : Speech And Expression898 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the words, â€Å"freedom of speech† are uttered today, it brings about much conflict and tension. The vagueness of the First Amendment is a pretty good indication of how different times were back when the Constitution and everything along with it were created. Back then, all the Founding Fathers wanted was the establish a democracy using the lessons they had learned from the tyranny of the British King. They wanted more freedom and power to the people. In the modern era, everything has changed, andRead MoreAmerican Freedom Of Speech And Expression1115 Words   |  5 Pagesbe defined as people of self-expression and diligence in the workforce because they have multiple freedoms, rights to be themselves, as well as gratitude towards the United States of America. Many Characteristics can be used to describe an American but self-expression and hard work are the most important one s. These characteristics are what helped the American society grow into the strong community it is today. To begin with, American’s are admired for their freedom. In America, people believe aRead More Freedom of Speech and Expression and Responsibility Essay1629 Words   |  7 PagesFreedom of Speech and Responsibility       No matter how fervently someone believes in the justice of his cause, suppression of the free exchange of ideas is failure at best or downright wrong. The power or might behind an idea does not make the idea right. Many powerful people throughout history have been wrong. Few people, if any, would judge Mr. Smith Goes to Washington to be subversive or wrong. In 1939 Ambassador Kennedy was so caught up in the fears of the times that he was willing toRead MoreMedia s Speech On The Freedom Of Speech And Expression1173 Words   |  5 Pagesessential task in intensifying awareness in all people about human affairs in a society. The right to freedom in article 19 of the Constitution of India guarantees the freedom of speech and expression, as one of six freedoms. Although article 19 does not expressly provide for freedom of press, the fundamental right of the freedom of press is implied in the right to freedom of speech and expression. The media being in the vocation of gathering and circulating information is supposed to hold dominantRead More Freedom of Speech and Expression - Little Freedom in a Complex World1183 Words   |  5 PagesLittle Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression, like the air we breathe, is a luxury that most people in western civilization take for granted. I know I certainly took it for granted when I was in the twelfth grade, and that presumption almost got me expelled. In Cornwall, Ontario this last December the idea of freedom of speech did more than get a young man expelled. He was forced to spend the better part of a month, including Christmas, New Years Eve, and his sixteenth birthday in jailRead MoreMillian Principles, Freedom of Expression, and Hate Speech1350 Words   |  5 PagesSpeech that attacks a person or group of people on the basis of race, gender, or sexual orientation is regarded as hateful. It has the potential to incite violence or prejudicial action against or by a protected group of people. In Millian Principles, Freedom of Expression, and Hate Speech, Mill makes the claim that essentially all speech, including hate speech, should be allowed. This claim holds its validity as long as no harm is d one to an individual. Here, I will show that low value speech failsRead MoreFreedom of Speech, Comparing Freedom of Expression in the Statutory Law and the Sharia Law19992 Words   |  80 PagesUniversity of Westminster MA in International Journalism Freedom of Expression Comparing Freedom of Expression in the Statutory Law and the Sharia Law (Human Rights Act 1998 of The British law as an exemplar) Dissertation Submitted for The MA Degree in International Journalism University of Westminster By Motasem Ahmed Dalloul Copyright (2012), University of Westminster and Motasem Ahmed Dalloul Introduction Getting in touch with media law during the first semesterRead MorePolicy Proposal: Restriction to Freedom of Speech Clause965 Words   |  4 PagesPolicy Proposal Restriction to Freedom of Speech Clause The Restriction to Freedom of Speech Clause would add the following to exceptions that are allowed to speech and expression under the First Amendment (see boldface text). Restrictions on freedom of speech are currently permitted to be imposed on Speech that incites illegal or subversive activity Fighting words Symbolic expression Commercial speech Freedom of expression in public schools Obscenity and pornography Regulation of

Federalism A Research Draft - 639 Words

Federalism Research Draft It is correct that the geographical mixtures might not always be in the confines of the boundary lines of the constituent units. In a lot of countries, and for the most part in the United States, the function of the federal system has shown diversities of opinion or custom that is more nearly linked with districts or groups of states rather than with the separate states themselves. This is enthusiastically understood. Federalism encompasses not only a diversity of opinion on one issue but a huge series of diversities on a variety of issues. It can only just be expected that state boundary lines will be sufficient to indicate areas in which attitudes differ on all potential questions. But regionalism in this logic is a suitable manifestation of the federal principle. It obeys the rules to the criterion suggested above, specifically, that the assortments in the society are collected territorially. It should be noted; furthermore, that regionalism in the political affairs of a federal c ountry is made likely only by the federal allotment of functions to the states. The information that more than a few states have comparable opinions on a particular issue and therefore unite on that issue does not take away from the importance of the states as the basic structure of the federal system (Krane, 2002). Alternatively, federalism becomes nothing if it is used to hold close diversities that are not territorially clustered. It may be argued that the federalShow MoreRelatedU.S. Government Essay1155 Words   |  5 Pagesshow. Once they got passed all the conflicts and arguments over the final goals the final draft of the constitution was written in less than 100 days. 2. The U.S. government is a federal system of government. Explain what that means and how it differs from other forms of governance. Make sure to include information about how federalism impacts state governments. Our government is passed on federalism. Which means a government that shared its power between national, state and local governmentsRead More War on Drugs is War on Democracy Essay1286 Words   |  6 Pagessentences in drug offense cases and transferred the power to impose such sentences from judges to prosecutors. Legislation for the bill was hastily pushed through Congress, inspired by the recent passing of a standout basketball player and first-round draft pick of the Boston Celtics. Len Bias died on June 17, 1986 due to heart failure caused by crack cocaine. In drafting the bill, the prime factor for necessitating a mandatory minimum sentence was the quantity of drugs involved in the crime. As EricRead MoreNegative Effects Of Federalism And Free Speech1838 Words   |  8 Pagesthem. In this paper I will talk about and assessing positive and negative effects in which federalism, social liberties and common freedoms have on free speech. Federalism As with everything else in the world there are positives and negatives when it comes to federalism and free speech. First we will be discussing the positive impacts that federalism has on free speech. A positive impact that federalism has on free speech would be the questioning of whether government interests found within theRead MoreThe United States Of America Fought For Independence2502 Words   |  11 Pagesadopt the Articles of Confederation in 1781. The first draft was proposed in 1775, but never acted upon. Many drafts were proposed, six, to be exact, and in 1777 it was given to the states for approval. Maryland was the last to ratify it, given to concerns of lands to the west. After this was settled, they approved and the Articles of Confederation went into effect on March 1, 1781 (Articles of Confederation.). However, none of these six drafts compared to the document of the U.S. Constitution inRead MoreMiss1353 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy, trade and immigration policy, resource and environmental policy, and public sector management. This combination of theory, application and research ensures that our graduates are well prepared to: develop strategic planning, leadership and management skills; draft policy papers and decision documents; engage in basic and applied policy research; work with governments and advocacy groups to identify and promote specific policy measures; and participate in and lead teams of individualsRead MoreThe Federation Of The Somali Republic3619 Words   |  15 PagesTransition†, a process agreed upon after lengthy consultations between key political principal actors. This culminated in a selection process in which 135 traditional clan elders selected 825 delegates to form a constituent assembly which approved a draft constitution. The elders also nominated 225 members of parliament. The United Nations Political Office for Somalia, western diplomats based in Nairobi and the transitional federal institutions of Somalia agreed to form a Technical Selection CommitteeRead MoreHealth Care1371 Words   |  6 Pagesfunding from the federal government. A central question then arises, who should have responsibility for the administration of healthcare? This is a topic that our founding founders could not have envisioned; however, the framers of this country did draft the base for solving such issues, the United States Constitution. It then becomes the job of officials and citizens of this generation to interpret, and make decisions on all areas of public policy. As such, the question then rises again: who shouldRead More Drinking Laws Essay2569 Words   |  11 Pageshighway funds that were made available for road and highway improvements and drunk driving safety programs. Instead of the debate involving a factual analysis of the 18-21 year old drinking problem, legislative debate focused on state’s rights vs. federalism, allocations of funds to rural vs. urban-influenced states, Constitutional questions involving federal expansion vs. individual State sovereignty, or dangers of drunk driving (which no one at any age could hardly justify). The bill managed to beRead MoreChicago Universitys Emergency Operations Plan2536 Words   |  10 Pagesof the local government, auth orities and agencies so that action could be taken against the disasters and attacks (U.S. House, Section 501, 5). The Act was not as specific as HSPD-5. It demanded from the DHS to initially develop and then submit the draft to Homeland Security Council for a review. It also required National Incident Management System (NIMS) to be administered. A reliable nationwide approach was provided by that system for not only the local governments, but also the State and FederalRead MoreThe Political And Social Changes Of Canada During Post Wwii3034 Words   |  13 Pagesthrough separation. From the developments of the October Crisis, research will next examine Rene Levesque and the establishment Parti Quà ©bà ©cois do distinguish a legitimate separatist organization from up rise in violence from other liberation groups. In addition, this paper will follow how Renà © Là ©vesque would solidify the legitimacy of a legitimate separatist effort through the election the Parti Quebecois in 1976. From that, research will then focus to how the election of the Parti Quebecois would

California Architecture for the Casual Traveler

California and the long Pacific coast of the Western United States is a territory of changing landscapes and wild diversity—in both lifestyles and architectural styles. California is a land of fire and rain and of tsunamis and drought.  Although from north to south its climate changes dramatically, California has a constant element that affects all building codes—the San Andreas Fault. In the links and resources on this page, you will find simple adobe homes of early Spanish colonists, glitzy homes of Hollywood movie stars, groundbreaking modernist architecture, playful amusement park buildings, wacky googie structures, historic bridges and stadia, and many other interesting and unusual building types. Visiting the San Francisco Area Marin County Civic Center by Frank Lloyd WrightSan Francisco Museum of Modern Art by Mario BottaUnited States Federal Building by Thom MayneCalifornia Academy of Sciences by Renzo PianoThe Golden Gate Bridge Along the Coast of California Historic Monterey Houses in MontereyBixby Bridge in Big SurSea Ranch Chapel in Gualala, by James HubbellHearst Castle in San Simeon, designed by Julia MorganHigh Style Spanish Revival Architecture in Santa Barbara Visiting the Los Angeles Area Los Angeles is an architectural kaleidoscope. As you explore the warm, southern California city, youll find odd contrasts. No matter. The sun of Southern California has attracted odd bedfellows, both in the movie industry and architectural practices. Here is just a taste of LA architecture: Disney Concert Hall by Frank GehryEmerson College Los Angeles by Thom MayneBinoculars Building in Venice by Frank GehryDiamond Ranch High School in Pomona by Thom MayneLA Museum of Contemporary Art by Arata IsozakiCase Study House #8  by Charles and Ray EamesThe Getty Center by Richard MeierEnnis Brown House by Frank Lloyd WrightHollyhock House by Frank Lloyd WrightThe Schindler Chace House by Rudolf SchindlerGeorge D. Sturges House by Frank Lloyd WrightTheme Building at LAXCentral Public Library by Bertram Grosvenor GoodhueCaltrans District 7 Headquarters by Thom Mayne Visiting the Palm Springs Area Within two hours of Hollywood, Palm Springs became the famous getaway for the movie elite. Frank Sinatra, Bob Hope, and other movie stars built homes here in the 1940s and 1950s, the height of Mid-Century Modernism. Richard Neutra, Albert Frey, and others invented what became known as Desert Modernism. Midcentury Modern Architecture in Palm SpringsAlexander Homes: Houses by the Alexander Construction CompanyThe Elvis Honeymoon HideawayThe Annenberg Residence, Sunnylands by A. Quincy Jones in Rancho Mirage Visiting the San Diego Area Balboa Park, site of the influential Panama-California Exposition of 1915.  San Diego architect Irving Gill carried out the Mission Revival and Pueblo styles decided on by the organizers, but it was New Yorker Bertram G. Goodhue who gave the buildings the Spanish Baroque detailing known as Churrigueresque.  Exposition buildings such as Casa de Balboa and Casa del Prado ignited a Spanish Renaissance throughout the American Southwest. Well-Known Sports Venues in California Rose Bowl Stadium in PasadenaLevis Stadium in Santa ClaraLos Angeles Memorial Coliseum Architects of California Many of todays larger architectural firms have multiple offices, which often include California. For example, Richard Meier Partners Architects LLP has an office in Los Angeles. The following list of architects, however, are often associated with beginning their careers in California. They made their mark and settled in California. Julia MorganPaul WilliamsRichard NeutraDonald WexlerFrank GehryCharles and Ray EamesRudolph SchindlerWallace NeffA. Quincy JonesThom MayneBernard MaybeckIrving GillCharles and Henry GreeneCraig EllwoodJoseph Esherick Learn More with these Books Wallace Neff, Architect of Californias Golden Age by Alson Clark, 2000Toward a Simpler Way of Life: The Arts and Crafts Architects of California by Robert Winter, University of California Press, 1997Irving J. Gill: Architect, 1870 - 1936 by Marvin Rand, 2006Five California Architects by Esther McCoy and Randell Makinson, 1975On the Edge of the World: Four Architects in San Francisco at the Turn of the Century by Richard Longstreth, University of California Press, 1998California Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright by David Gebhard, 1997California Modern: The Architecture of Craig Ellwood by Neil Jackson, Princeton Architectural Press, 2002Spanish Colonial Style: Santa Barbara and the Architecture of James Osborne Craig and Mary McLaughlin Craig by Pamela Skewes-Cox and Robert Sweeney, 2015

Racial Bias Toward The Black Community - 1518 Words

â€Å"But race is the child of racism, not the father.† A quote by Ta-Nehisi Coates in his book Between the World and Me encompasses the culture of racial bias toward the black community. Freddie Gray, Michael Brown, Eric Garner, Tamir Rice and Walter Scott are just a few names that represent the widespread, institutionalized racism embedded within our police and incarceration systems. From traffic stops to America’s prison population to mandatory minimums, racism is prevalent in every facet of America’s â€Å"domestic security† apparatus. Facing harsher punishment, 1 in 3 black men will go to prison and receive a 10% longer sentence than their white counterpart. Cocaine and Crack Cocaine are virtually the same substance but with vastly different mandatory minimum sentences. Cocaine is inhaled through the nasal cavity and Crack Cocaine is smoked with a pipe. Powder Cocaine is predominantly used by affluent white males while Crack Cocaine is predominately u sed by lower income black males. The mandatory minimum sentence for possession of 28 grams of Crack Cocaine is 5 years in prison while it takes 500 grams of Powder Cocaine to receive the same sentence. That comes out to nearly 18x harsher punishment for Crack Cocaine users, who are mostly black, than Powder Cocaine users. These are only few of the many injustices facing minority communities around the country that are brought fourth by an engrained stigma of racism within police forces and prison systems across the nation. Can theseShow MoreRelatedRace And Crime : Criminal Justice System1460 Words   |  6 Pageshave a racial bias against blacks and incarcerate them in larger numbers than any other race. Statistically, blacks have a higher arrest and incarceration rate than other races do. Due to police being taught that racial profiling is a necessary part of the job, blacks have now become a prime target for many false arrests and often serve jail time for a crime they may not ha ve committed. The black community often expresses their distaste with the criminal justice system, and how their community is handledRead MoreThe World Is Not Black And White : Racial Bias1688 Words   |  7 PagesIn the article The World Is Not Black and White: Racial Bias in the Decision to Shoot in a Multiethnic Context Implicit racial biases were examined in the decision to shoot potentially hostile targets in a multiethnic context. Results of two studies showed that college aged participants and police officers showed anti-black racial bias in their response times: the participants were quicker to â€Å"correctly† shoot armed black men or targets and to indicate â€Å"don’t shoot† for unarmed Latino, Asian andRead MoreArguments Surrounding Racial Profiling846 Words   |  3 PagesLiterature Review The arguments surrounding racial profiling can be distilled into two fundamental questions. Is this racial profiling practiced widely by police agencies in the United States? And if so, is the practice beneficial? Many feel that the use of profiles is beneficial for law officials. Some proponents argue that when race is used, but not necessarily as the sole factor profiles are useful. Additionally, those who support the use tend to find that complaints about profiling by raciallyRead MoreRacial Hierarchy Of Ferguson Shooting Incident1267 Words   |  6 PagesXueyuan Wang Writing 150 April Davidauskis Oct 6th Assignment 2 Racial hierarchy in Ferguson Shooting Incident On August 9th, 2014, Michael Brown, an innocent young black teenager was murdered in Ferguson, Missouri by Darren Wilson, a white police officer. Since the dashboard cameras are not installed in Ferguson police cars, the clear evidence of what happened is still unclear. But based on the testament of Brown’s friend Johnson who was walking with Brown, they were ordered to move off the streetRead MoreRethinking the Color Line: Larger Issues of Races and Racism Reflected By Romance1727 Words   |  7 Pagesand romance, one can easily understand the shift observed in racist attitude over last few decades. Considering the statistics given, it is visible that Black-White marriages and Asian-American marriages were a taboo in the early twentieth century however this trend has gain familiarity and fame in the masses reflecting that individuals from Black and Asian ethic groups are becoming more acceptable to Whites. It was the interracial marriages which made many states change their legislation, lift bansRead MoreResponse Paper to Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness743 Words   |  3 PagesThe New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness was written by Michelle Alexander to expose the truth of racial injustice in the system of mass incarceration through the comparison of the racial control during the Jim Crow Era. She reveals how race plays an important role in the American Justice System. Alexander argues about the racial bias, particularly towards African-Americans, immanent in the war on drugs as a result of their lack of political power and how the Supreme Court toleratesRead MoreWhat Is Racial Bias?853 Words   |  4 Pages What is racial bias? Racial biases are a form of implicit bias. Which often refers to the attitude or stereotypes that affects an individual’s understanding, actions, and decisions in a unconscious manner. What is race? Race is a group of people thought to share certain distinctive physical characteristics; facial structure, skin color, etc. Racial characteristics are thought to be biologically inherited unlike ethnic characteristics, which are cultural. This test result really made me think aRead MoreAll Lives Matter, By Nikita Carney Essay1344 Words   |  6 PagesMedia bias is displayed repeatedly in news coverage of black tragedies and in the persecution of black bodies. From protest following the non indictments of cop killing unarmed black men to the uninformed persecution of the BlackLivesMatter movement, mainstream media is constantly standing in opposition to anything that threatens the status quo. My five articles assessed said media bias, and if that bias whether negative or positive affected the African-American community. Nikita Carney’s â€Å"All LivesRead MoreBlack Lives Matter Is An International Activist Movement1693 Words   |  7 Pages Black Lives Matter Movement Black Lives Matter is an international activist movement, originating in the African-American community that campaigns against violence towards black people. â€Å"Black lives matter† became a rallying cry of a new chapter in the long black freedom struggle. Its unique campaign contributes beyond extrajudicial killings of Blacks by policemen and vigilantes. It all started year 2013, after a white/hispanic male, â€Å" George Zimmermanâ€Å" was found not guilty of the fatal murderRead MoreRacial Discrimination In To Kill A Mockingbird848 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"was a system of segregation and discrimination that barred black Americans from a status equal to that of white Americans,† as described by Tsahai Tafari (1). In To Kill a Mockingbird, Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch occasionally acknowledges the social separation between African Americans and Caucasians in Maycomb. The institutional racism justified by the Jim Crow laws included the location of res idency separation between white families and black families. Not only were colored people separated from white

Organ Selling Free Essays

Name Term paper for Health Economics, Econ 339 Kidney for Sale: Is the Idea Legal, Ethical, or Economically Sound? Abstract: Each year thousands of people die while waiting for a kidney transplant. A market for kidney sales is currently illegal in nearly every country. This paper addresses the legal and ethical issues, as well as the economic effects that a legal market would create. We will write a custom essay sample on Organ Selling or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following aspects of such a market were explored: the ethical pros and cons; the current price ceiling for a legal kidney; the current supply and demand of donor kidneys; the fair market price; and the effect on supply and demand in a legalized market. The conclusion is that if paying a living donor can be made legal and as ethically acceptable as other medical practices, kidney sales would be economically sound. Keywords: Market for Organs, Health Market Reform, Sales of Organs 1 Introduction Should organ sales be legalized in the United States? In today’s society, many people are suffering from diseases and conditions that require an organ transplant in order to survive. The transplant list for those in need of a new organ such as a kidney seems endless. Every day, nearly 74 people receive an organ transplant, while each day another 17 people die waiting for their transplant due to the lack of donated organs (Friedman Friedman, 2006). Why is the demand so large? Why are there not enough? Should someone be able to sell his organ to a person in need? Is it legal, ethical or even economically sound to create a market for the sale of a kidney? What economic effects might there be if kidney sales were legalized? In the past few decades, immunosuppressive therapy and improved organ transplant expertise have increased the survival rate of kidney transplant patients (Ghod Shekoufeh, 2006). For end stage renal disease (ESRD), transplantation, not kidney dialysis, has become the preferred treatment, because it provides the patient with an improved survival rate and a better quality of life (Ghod Shekoufeh, 2006). In turn, the number of patients with ESRD being treated by dialysis and waiting for transplantation continues to outstrip the donor pool of kidneys (Friedman Friedman, 2006). The donor pool consists primarily of deceased donors and some live donors. Statistics show that only about 30% of Americans register to donate their organs after death (Knapp, 2005). Over the past ten years, the number of deceased donor kidneys has not increased despite efforts by the National Kidney Foundation, State Drivers License promotions, and celebrity ad campaigns (Friedman Friedman, 2006). In First World and middle-income countries, the demand for donor kidneys has increased. The populations of these countries live longer and typically develop ailments such as hypertension and diabetes caused by obesity 2|Page which contribute to kidney failure (The Economist, 2008). Fewer deaths from strokes, heart attacks and motor vehicle accidents have reduced the supply of cadaver donors (The Economist, 2008). Each year, the wait list grows longer. Figure 1 illustrates that the demand for kidney transplants has grown faster than the actual supply of kidneys. As of January 2007, there were nearly 95,000 people waiting for an organ transplant (Bramstedt, 2007). In a one year period, 7,000 people died waiting. Of those 7,000, approximately 4,000 were waiting for a kidney (Bramstedt, 2007). The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) predicts that by 2010, there will be nearly 100,000 people who will have to wait an average of ten years for a renal transplant (Bramstedt, 2007). If this trend continues, the supply of kidneys will never come close to meeting the demand. Given this dilemma, it is necessary to at least consider other options to procuring the needed kidneys. 2 Legalizing Kidney Sales? A controversial solution is to lift the ban on purchasing kidneys from live donors, or permitting some type of compensation to the families of cadaver donors (Castro, 2003). Currently, the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 (NOTA) deems the sale of organs unlawful and those who are found guilty of this act could be fined or sentenced to prison (Mayes, 2003). This ban on kidney sales in effect makes the maximum legal price for a kidney $0 (Cloutier, 2007). This is called a price ceiling. Figure 2 demonstrates that only 20,000 kidneys would be supplied through donation when the price is $0. However, 80,000 are demanded. This leaves a shortage of 60,000 kidneys which is the difference between the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied when the price is $0 (Cloutier, 2007). 3|Page Whether or not to reverse or amend this act has been a subject of great debate. There are numerous legal, ethical, and economic questions that are being argued by an array of experts. . 1 The arguments against legalization Opponents of kidney sales argue that this type of market would exploit the poor population (Erin John, 2003). According to Nancy Scheper-Hughes, who is an anthropologist at the University of California, Berkeley, the demand for human organs would feed off the desperation of the poor who she believes would supply the majority of the organs ( Hall, n. d. ). Scheper-Hughes states, â€Å"The organs are going one way. They’re going from poor people to rich people, from Third World to First World or to rich people in the Third World† (Hall, n. . ). Those who make this point believe it would be morally wrong for the wealthy to exploit the poverty of those who would supply the organs in a legalized market (Hall, n. d. ). A study of paid kidney donors in India showed that selling a kidney initially bettered their economic situation, but did not lead to a lifetime of economic benefit (Goyal, 2002). A second argument against legalizing kidney sales has been that the buying and selling of organs violates the dignity of the human person, and it treats the kidney like a commodity (Friedman Friedman, 2006). Critics claim that the dignity of a human being is denied when his basic parts, such as kidneys, are sold even after he has died and no longer needs them (Castro, 2003). With respect to treating kidneys as a commodity, Scheper-Hughes who strongly objects to the legalization of kidney sales states, â€Å"It’s a question of whether you want to turn the body into a factory of spare parts that becomes simply comodified† (Hall, n. d. ). Although there are a variety of other opinions for not legalizing kidney sales, the two previously mentioned are the ones that are most frequently argued. |Page 2. 2 The arguments in favor of legalization Setting aside the major criticisms, some arguments in favor of kidney sales can be discussed. First, people have the autonomy or right to self-govern and make their own decisions about what is moral or ethical (Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2008). Supporters of this opinion feel that it is not only ethical to sell a kidney, but a right because it is their body and their life. In his article, â€Å"Biotechnology, Ethics and Free Markets,† (2008) Julian Savulescu poses an interesting thought. He states, â€Å"But if you own anything, have a natural right to anything, it is surely your own body. Indeed the fact that we can give organs and parts of our body away implies that we own them. Giving implies ownership – if we can give, we can sell† (Salvulescu, 2008). People take all kinds of risks, including some for money. Some may choose risky jobs because they have determined that the money outweighs the risk (Erin John, 2003). Others risk damaging their body for pleasure by participating in activities such as smoking or skydiving (Erin John, 2003). Their activities would not be banned or judged. Friedman sums up the autonomy argument for permitting kidney sales. He states, â€Å"The case for legalizing kidney purchase hinges on the key premise that individuals are entitled to control of their own body parts even to the point of inducing risk of life† (Friedman Friedman, 2006). A second reason that supports the legalization of kidney sales is financial incentives would lead to more donations, which in turn would save more lives. Dr. Arthur Matas proposes a plan in which donors would be able to sell a kidney. The government would set a price and the expenses would be paid for by the recipient’s health insurance, which would usually be Medicare (Perry, 2007). The sellers would be screened both medically and psychologically prior to the transplant. They would then be followed to determine the impact the sale had on their lives as well as their health (Perry, 2007). Mark J. Perry, a professor of economics and finance at 5|Page the University of Michigan, uses economics to show how a proposal such as Matas’s could increase the number of organs available for transplant. He explained that whenever there are shortages, market pricing is absent. Market pricing will reduce or eliminate shortages. Therefore, market pricing for kidneys would eliminate or reduce the shortage and save thousands of lives every year (Perry, 2007). A fair market minimum price, much like a minimum wage for labor, would prevent the poor from being taken advantage of, and give buyers a chance at life (Savulescu, 2008). A fair market price of $45,000 was suggested by the Nobel laureate (in economics) Becker (Savulescu, 2008). He based this fair market price on an average annual salary of $40,000, which would be a lifetime income of 3 million (Savulescu, 2008). He calculated the risk of death at 1%, and a 5% decrease in the quality of life during the recovery period, which equaled $7,000 (Savulescu, 2008). He adjusted the price of the fair market after calculating the true risk of death at about 1/300. This made the final fair market price $20,000 (Savulescu, 2008). Figure 3 illustrates what would happen if the ban on kidney sales was lifted (Cloutier, 2007). The graph indicates that at $30,000, the amount of kidneys supplied would meet the number of kidneys demanded. Also, as the amount of money paid per kidney rises, the number of kidneys supplied would increase. Therefore, the equilibrium would be reached at $30,000 thus eliminating the shortage (Cloutier, 2007). In short, payment for kidneys equals lives saved. The third reason to permit the sale of kidneys is that it would be a financial benefit for an insurance company or Medicare (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2006). Researchers at the University of Maryland School of Medicine determined that a kidney transplant not only improved the quality of life for their patients, but it also saved money (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2006). They found that it was cheaper to have a transplant than to stay on 6|Page kidney dialysis for years until a donor match was found (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2006). In fact, the researchers discovered the break even point was 2. 7 years, which saved the hospital about $27, 000 per year, per patient (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2006). Perhaps, even more significant was the finding that the use of living donor kidneys decreased costs because they functioned better than cadaver kidneys right after transplant (University of Maryland Medical Center, 2006). 3 Assessment A review of both sides of this issue leads to the conclusion that selling a kidney should be legal and ethical, and it would be economically favorable because it would benefit thousands of people. The first opposing view was that a market for kidney sales would exploit the poor population. This argument is faulty because being poor does not make a person incapable of making a rational decision (Friedman Friedman, 2006). They are certainly able to weigh the risks of this choice. According to Savulescu (2008), â€Å"If altruistic donation is safe enough, then commercial donation should be just as safe if it is legalized. Also, keeping the poor population from being donors prevents them from improving their financial situation (Friedman Friedman, 2006). Finally, the gap between supply and demand for a kidney also concerns the poor because it creates a situation where someone could take advantage of them (Economist, 2008). If a legal market was regulated, there would be less possibili ty for black market activities because there would be no direct sales or purchases. Therefore, there would be no exploitation of the poor in other countries (Erin John, 2003). The second argument against legalizing kidney sales is that the buying and selling of organs violates the dignity of the human person, and it treats the kidney like a commodity (Friedman Friedman, 2006). This position is also flawed. Savulescu (2008) states, â€Å"Where a 7|Page fair price is set, sellers are making judgments about how to promote their own well-being and other values. This is the expression of human dignity: to be autonomous. † Treating the kidney as a commodity is no different than the sale of hair, eggs, blood or semen. Currently, the sale of these bodily materials is legal and ethically accepted despite the fact that they are sold by an unequally large portion of people who are poor (Castro, 2003). 4 Conclusion If paying a living donor can be made legal and as ethically acceptable as other medical practices, kidney sales would be economically sound. Establishing a fair market price for a kidney would address concerns about equity and prevent exploitation by those in an illegal market (Savulescu, 2008). A fair market price would also likely entice more people to sell a kidney. This in turn would increase the supply, decrease the demand and eliminate the shortage. References (2008, October 9). The gap between supply and demand. Retrieved November 27, 2008, from Economist. com Web site: http://www. economist. com/world/international/ displaystory. cfm? story_id=12380981 Autonomy. (2008). In Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. Retrieved November 28, 2008, from http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/autonomy Bramstedt, K (2007). Checklist: Passport, plane ticket, organ transplant. American Journal of Transplantation. 7(7), 1698-1701. 8|Page Castro, L. D. 2003). Commodification and exploitation: Arguments in favor of compensated organ donation. Journal of Medical Ethics. 29, 142-146. Doucet, B (2008). Kidney kingpin case highlights practical ethical arguments for free markets. Retrieved November 25, 2008, from Quebecois Libre Web site: http://www. quebecoislibre. org/08/080210-4. htm Erin, C. A. , Harris, J (2003). An ethical market in human organs. Journ al of Medical Ethics. 29, 137-138. Friedman, A. L (2006). Payment for living organ donation should be legalized. BMJ. 333, 746-748. Friedman, E. A. , Friedman, A. L. , (2006). Payment for donor kidneys: Pros and cons. Kidney International, 69, 960-962. Ghods, A. J. , Savaj, S (2006). Live kidney organ donation: Is it time for a different approach?. Clinical Journal of American Society of Nephrology. 1, 1136-1145. Goyal, M, Mehta, R. L, Schneiderman, L. J, Sehgal, A. R. (2002). Economic and health consequences of selling a kidney in India. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1589-1593. Hall, Joseph (n. d. ). Opening up the market for organs: Support grows for selling body parts, donors for profit don’t really benefit. Toronto Star. Knapp, T (2005, April 4). Organ agonistes. Retrieved September 17, 2008, from Free-Market News Network Web site: http://www. freemarketnews. com/ Analysis/118/1275/April-4 2005. asp? nid=1275=118 9|Page Mayes, G (2003). Buying and selling organs for transplantation in the United States. Medscape Transplantation, 4(2), Retrieved November 23, 2008, from http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/465200_print Perry, M (2007, December 13). Markets in everything: Organ sales. Retrieved November 24, 2008, from Carpe Diem Web site: http://mjperry. blogspot. com/2007/11/ markets-ineverything-organ-sales. tml Savulescu, Julian (2008, September 8). Biotechnology, ethics and free markets. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from University of Oxford Web site: http://www. practicalethicsnews. com/practicalethics/2008/06/setting-a-minim. html Savulescu, Julian (2008, June 19). Setting a minimum price for the sale of organs. Retrieved November 29, 2008, from University of Oxford Web site: http://www. practica lethicsnews. com/practicalethics/2008/06/setting-a-minim. html 10 | P a g e Appendix Figure 1: Illustrates that the wait list rises at a faster rate than the total number of transplants. Source: (Cloutier, 2007). Figure 2a: A price ceiling of $0 is established due to the ban on kidney sales. Source: (Cloutier, 2007). 11 | P a g e How many kidneys are demanded at P=$0? 20,000 kidneys supplied (donated) at P= $0 80,000 kidneys demanded at P= $0 Figure 2b: How many kidneys are supplied and demanded when the legal price is $0. Source: (Cloutier, 2007). What would happen if the ban on kidney sales was lifted? Figure 2c: Shows what would happen if the ban on kidney sales was lifted. Source: (Cloutier, 2007). 12 | P a g e How to cite Organ Selling, Papers

Drug Abuse on Athletes Essay Example For Students

Drug Abuse on Athletes Essay How do you stop drug abuse? There are some athletes who are effected by this and need help. There can be a number of solutions to this problem and everyone seems to have a different opinion and point of view about it. One solution can be to actually reward the athletes with bonuses or benefits who do not abuse drugs. Another solution can be stricter punishments for athletes who are caught outside their playing field abusing drugs. A final solution would be for the professional leagues to test all their athletes for drugs to see who is and is not abusing drugs. Drug abuse by todays athletes is a major problem, and there must be a solution that society can attempt to help the individual before they do harm on themselves or society. Any drug abuse in general is a bad problem to have as a person. All across the nation, there are people who are affected by this and live horrible lives. Some start using drugs either as a way to get away from a personal problem or to try act cool in front of peers. Then, sometimes after minor use, they can become addicted and their whole lives are changed forever (Keup 132-146). This is a major problem that is affecting athletes and the sports that they play. Todays athletes are sometimes admired as top individuals in society. Whether this is even true or not, it cannot be overlooked by the way people pay attention to them. People read about them in the papers and magazines. They pay large amounts of money to see them play. They cheer or boo when they do something good or bad. Basically, athletes are looked upon as top individuals. Athletes should understand they are not just normal people and are cherished by many. Because of this, athletes with drug problems set a bad example for society. However, the fact is, there are some athletes who have problems with drugs. This is especially a problem that affects the youth of society. The youth look up to many of the top athletes in the world. Many young individuals want to grow up and be just like the athletes due to their fame and fortune many have received throughout their athletic careers. If the same athletes that the youth admire abuse drugs, youths will think it is acceptable to also use drugs. This is definitely not what America should want for its youth to think or emulate themselves because not only would drugs affect them physically, but the use of drugs by children may be damaging in shaping their attitudes (Donohoe and Johnson 131). There needs to be a stop in drug use in America. By stopping or controlling the drug abuse in our top individuals in society like athletes, this might also put a stop or at least help to stop drug use in our youth. Athletes are pressured everyday to perform at a higher level and drugs are often an option for them to take to get them where they want to be in their sport. Many athletes will do anything to get ahead or get that boost they want even if it means risking their health. In one survey that two authors noted, the question to top athletes was that if they were given an option of taking a drug which would make them an Olympic champion, but which could kill them within a year, would they take it? Almost 55% of them said yes (Donohoe and Johnson 125). This really points out that there is a problem with drugs in sports. Society cannot continue having its top professional athletes destroy their bodies just to win a race or lift the most weight. Drugs used improperly can do serious harm to ones body and even ones life. Throughout time, popular and famous individuals have died because of related drug problems. Rock star Jimi Hendrix and actor Chris Farley have died due to a long time drug abuse or overdose. .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 , .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 .postImageUrl , .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 , .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51:hover , .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51:visited , .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51:active { border:0!important; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51:active , .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51 .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8291da001da49e89f4696d6024e6fd51:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: We Must Fight Sex Trafficking in Europe Essay Each one had promising careers that ended due to drugs. This can be used as an example for athletes. If the same people that are using drugs continue to use it, they too might .

Compare and Contrast The Two Wives free essay sample

In the play Othello the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare., there are two prominent women that grab and hold our attention. One is the wife of the play’s heroic character Othello; the other is engaged to an untrustworthy man named Iago. The women are part of, but yet serve as a small piece of what goes on in the play and which is how the conflict of the play finally comes to an agreement. These two feminine figures of the play can be compared and contrasted in more than one way. A key to understanding the two women is to understand their husbands: Desdomana is married to Othello, a general in the Army who is trusted with great authority by the Venetian government. Othello is the protagonist in the play, and falls victim to the manipulations of Emilia’s husband Iago, the antagonist. In fact, Iago is considered by many to be one of the lowliest characters in all of Shakespeare. Although he is Othello’s ensign and is assumed by Othello to be loyal to him, Iago actually truly despises Othello. Throughout the play, Iago undermines Othello’s trust of Desdemona as a faithful wife. Iago uses many of the characters in the play and plots in multiple ways to manipulate Othello, turning him against his wife when, in fact, she does nothing to earn the distrust that Iago causes Othello to feel. Iago does such an excellent job of this that Othello is engulfed by jealousy, yet the scenario portrayed by Iago is a total fabrication.. What are the differences between the lovely Desdomana and the beautiful Emilia? Desdemona is of nobility and the wife of the powerful Othello. On the other hand, Emilia is the wife of Iago. Emilia is the maid servant to Desdomana, just as Iago is the Ensign reporting to Othello. The two women have many variances in the way they talk and act. As indicated, both Desdemona and Emilia are wives of men who serve in the Venetian military who serve in battle fields. Their husbands are both officers in the military, as opposed to common soldiers serving as  enlisted soldiers. However, Othello is the commander of the Venetian forces whereas Iago is simply something of a glorified errand boy. The reporting relationship between Othello and Iago is the same as the relationship between Desdemona and Emilia, Iago’s wife. On the one hand, Emilia is Desdomonas property, basically a slave whereas Desdemona is a woman of high regard and Emilia obviously is not. This is demonstrated in the ways that they speak and conduct themselves. Desdemona speaks eloquently and uses metaphors when speaking, but Emilia uses much more commonplace speech, methodical and typical of use by the multitudes of the lower class, characteristic of the time period during in which the play takes place. As an example of this, Desdamona’s way of expressing herself can be shown by quoting her. She says, â€Å" Faith, that’s with watching; twill away again. Let me but blind it hard, within this hour it will be well.† (III.III. 11-13) Her word s are spoken with elegance and purpose and contain a great deal of meaning. In contrast, Emilia words express things in a much more commonplace manner. Emilia says, â€Å"I am glad I have found this napkin; This was her first remembrance of the Moor, My wayward husband hath a hundred times wooed me to steal it. (As an aside, Emilia is referring to part of Iago’s plot to make Othello jealous); For she loves the token (For he conjured her she should ever keep it) That she reserves it evermore about her To kiss and to talk.† (III.III. 17-23) Although Shakespearian, a review of what she says seems to be more slang like than the formal speech of Desdomona. This difference in speech exemplifies the nature of their personalities. Desdomona is very proper and even proud-sounding because of her nobility, and Emilia comes across as a humble maid servant, which is exactly what she was. Each of them used their way of speaking in a manner that is in true form to their positions in Venetian society. A significant difference between Desdemona and Emilia is reflected in their morals. This is best shown in their intent to be faithful t o their husbands. Desdemona has never even thought of engaging sexually with anyone other than Othello, but at some point in the play Emilia admits that she would be unfaithful to Iago in the right circumstances. It is in this part of the play that Desdemona tells her father. (Aside: Iago’s plot was to convince Desdomona’s father that Othello had in fact kidnapped her when in fact he wooed her and won her as an ideal wife.) Desdemona explains that she was in no way taken by Othello, and  explains just how much she loves him. â€Å"My noble father, I do perceive here a divided duty: To you I am bound for life and education; My life and education both do learn me How to respect you; you are the lord of duty; I am hitherto your daughter: but heres my husband, And so much duty as my mother showd to you, preferring you before her father, So much I challenge that I may profess due to the Moor my lord. (I.III.28-37) . In this part of the play Iago indicates his low opinion of Emilia. â€Å"To have a foolish wife.† (III.III.32) This would speak of their bitter and untrustworthy love for each other, because they both are dishonest. By contrast, this is the exact opposite of the loving and trusting (at least initially) relationship between Desdemona and Othello. Another dissimilarity between Desdemona and Emilia is in the level of maturity and their personalities because of the contrasting life experiences each woman has had. It would almost seem as Desdemona and Othello are more innocent and trustworthy than Emilia and Iago, quite the cunning couple who could not be trusted by each other or by anyone else. Although both intelligent and educated individuals, Othello and Desdemona seem almost naà ¯ve in comparison. Desdemona exhibits how naive her ideas of life and marriage are when compared to the warped and selfish thinking of Emilia. The latter has been though a lot and the reader can tell she’s had a much rougher life than the noble upbringing experienced by Desdemona. Given this upright background of character, Desdemona wants to honor and love Othello. On the other hand, Emilia and Iago have a corrupt relationship that includes distrust and resentment and thoughts of immorality and adultery if given the chance. They obviously are incapable of the love and the passion that Desdemona and Othello have for each other. It is shown well here in the play that Desdemona seems blind to the world of deception and lies. â€Å"O heavy ignorance!thou praisest the worst best. But what praise couldst thou bestow on a deserving woman indeed,one that, in the authority of her merit, did justly put on the vouch of very malice itself?† (II.I.8-11) Emilia clearly states here thoughts and views of marriage. â€Å"In truth, I think I should; and undot when I had done. Marry, I would not do such a thing for a joint-ring, nor for measures of lawn, nor for gowns, petticoats, nor caps, nor any petty exhibition; but for all the whole world,—uds pity, who would not make her husband a cuckold to make him a monarch? I should venture purgatory fort.† (IV.III.12-16) In other  words, Emilia seems open to dishonest and disloyal activities if given the chance. These two verses of the play make it easy t o see their different both their views of marriage and their level of maturity. As with most Shakespearian works, Othello is filled with hate and love, rich and poor, and life and death. Although substantially different in their nature, Desdemona and Emilia are still alike in a number of ways. They are both blessed with beauty and both are married to military men. In the end, both women it seems are victims of Iago’s devious plots and both of them die as a result. However, their differences are much more substantial than their similarities. Desdemona has had a life of privilege in the noble class, and as a result, she is more sophisticated, speaks articulately, and is more proper in her self-presentation. Her lack of having had some of the harsh realities of Emilia’s life does, however, leave her somewhat naà ¯ve in the world of the underhanded Iago. Given Emilia’s place as a slave in Venetian society, it is not surprising that she has a much more commonplace way of expressing herself. The flaws in her character – her dishonest nature and her cunning – place her in stark contrast to Desdemona. One final similarity is that, although it has been mentioned that Desdemona shows a certain amount of naivetà ©, both Emilia and Desdemona seem quite a bit in the dark to realizing the nasty politics and demonic maneuvers of the scoundrel Iago. They both are fooled before they can stop from falling victim to their deaths at the hands of their husbands, both of which are directly caused by Iago’s hatred for Othello.